Kinetic Study on the Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Using Heterogeneous Catalyst

Rofiqah, Umi; Djalal, R A; Sutrisno, Bachrun; Hidayat, Arif

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/358/1/012069

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…Similar result had also been observed by other studies, where the conversion was reduced with further addition of sulfuric acid after the maximum conversion was achieved. This latter may be due to that the excess quantity of sulfuric acid consumes moreNaOH during neutralization, which was accounted as FFA [13,14] .…”

Section: Effect Of Catalyst Amount On the Esterification Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Esterification of Oleic and Linoleic Free Fatty Acids

Hawash

Ebrahiem

Farag

2020

Journal of Advanced Engineering Trends

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The kinetics of the esterification of oleic and linoleic acids using a batch reactor are described in this study. Effect of relevant factors on ester conversion, such as reaction temperature, dose of sulphuric acid as a catalyst, and methanol/FFAs (oleic and linoleic acid) mole ratios are studied. The results showed that the maximum conversion of oleic and linoleic were 88% at 40:1 methanol/FFA molar ratio at 68°C, catalyst 2 wt. % of FFA and reaction time 30 min. A pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was proposed for the esterification. The influence of Temperature on the rate constants is presented by Arrhenius equation, and the activation energies were found to be 43.42 and 45.51 kJ/mol for linoleic and oleic acid, respectively.

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Section: Effect Of Catalyst Amount On the Esterification Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Esterification of Oleic and Linoleic Free Fatty Acids

Hawash

Ebrahiem

Farag

2020

Journal of Advanced Engineering Trends

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Sustainable biodiesel synthesis from oleic acid: kinetic study with carbonized bambara nutshell catalyst

Kefas,

Abubakar,

Aliyu

et al. 2024

Lat. Am. J. Energy Res.

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Mineral content in bambara nutshell (BNS) can act as active sites for catalysis, while the protein content can be carbonized to produce support structures for the catalyst. BNS char based solid acid catalyst is produced in this study for biodiesel (FAME) production, using oleic acid esterified with methanol. The objective of the study is to determine the order of reaction ran at 50-65 for 180 min utilizing the integral kinetic rate expression. It also involves analyzing the rate constants obtained, so as to use it to estimate the activation energy () and pre-exponential factors () necessary to describe the mechanism of the reaction. Findings show that, the presence of -OH functional group in BNS makes it a good candidate for biodiesel production. Faster reaction and conversion to FAME product ( 52%) occurred at 65. The first-order model almost describes the experimental data at 60 and R2 = 0.9850, only that it has an intercept, which is not typical of the model; although not a sufficient reason to discard it. In this study, the best model fitted is second-order at the lowest temperature analyzed (i.e., 50 with rate constant, = 2 L/mol.min L/mol.min), due to faster reaction rate described by its higher value of 6.973 L/mol.min. However, the first-order rate’s low energy requirement ( 51.63 kJ/mol), was the reason for its sluggishness compared to second-order 65.17 kJ/mol; which explains the reason why the choice of the best model could go both ways, if energy efficiency is considered. Despite the performance of the oleic acid, which is favorably described by the first- and second-order rate, its conversion to biodiesel is moderately significant.

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Kinetic Study on the Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Using Heterogeneous Catalyst

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

Kinetics of Esterification of Oleic and Linoleic Free Fatty Acids

Kinetics of Esterification of Oleic and Linoleic Free Fatty Acids

Sustainable biodiesel synthesis from oleic acid: kinetic study with carbonized bambara nutshell catalyst

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