This study studied the effect of combination pretreatment (ionic liquid choline acetate and NaOH) and pretreatment of NaOH in the process of delignification and lignocellulose crystallinity index. This process was carried out to obtain a good lignocellulose biomass, which has a low lignin content and a high crystallinity index to be prepared as a raw material for making bioethanol. Low lignin content and high index of crystallinity can influence the success of the enzymatic hydrolysis process and of course bioethanol production. In the combination of pretreatment, the highest lignin removal was found from process with 5% of NaOH as much as 41.63% but the cristalinity index was found from proces with 3% of NaOH as much as 46.33. While, In the NaOH pretreatment, the highest lignin removal and cristalinity index was found from process with 5% of NaOH as much as 7.63% and 3.87, respectively.

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Flavonoid contained in Kepel seeds was extracted and encapsulated using a crosslinker agent of natrium tripolyphosphate (NaTTP) aiming for protection of the flavonoid content as an antioxidant. Extraction was carried out in variation of ethanol concentration and time extraction to obtain the best extract flavonoid. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) method was used to determine the presence of flavonoids in the extract. Total flavonoids (TF) analysis was carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The highest total flavonoid content was obtained in the extract with 50% ethanol concentration was 2.427% for one hour and 2.888% for two hours.

Indonesia has great benefits as a tropical country where a wide variety of fruits, vegetables and other plants are found so that they have the potential to be a source of bioactive compounds such as flavonoid compounds. This research will study the effect of solvent polarity on the extraction of flavonoid bioactive compounds in bitter melon (Momordica Charantia L.) fruit and leaves using the Soxhlet method. The solvents used were non-polar (n-hexane), polar (ethanol), and semi-polar (ethyl acetate) with a concentration of 50% (v/v). Extraction was carried out at the boiling point of the solvent at various extraction times of 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes with a sample to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/w). From this research, it was known that ethyl acetate was able to extract bitter melon with the highest yield than n-hexane and ethanol, which was 36% at 90 minutes. The largest total flavonoid compound (TFC) was obtained in extraction using ethanol then n-hexane and ethyl acetate. In Soxhlet extraction, the semi-polar solvent (ethyl acetate) has the best performance on the yield, while the polar solvent (ethanol) was the best for extracting TFC compounds in the bitter melon fruit and leaves.