Kinetics and Mechanism of Bacterial Disinfection by Chlorine Dioxide1

Benarde, Melvin A.; Snow, W. Brewster; Olivieri, Vincent P.; Davidson, Burton

doi:10.1128/aem.15.2.257-265.1967

Cited by 120 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Nevertheless, knowledge of the action mechanism of ClO 2 is still unexplored. A few studies have been conducted to elucidate the virucidal and bactericidal mechanisms of ClO 2 , and researchers have found that it can damage cell membranes (Berg et al 1986), facilitate protein denaturation (Benarde et al 1965(Benarde et al , 1967Roller and Olivieri 1980;Ogata 2007), and ⁄ or destroy the nucleic acid of micro-organisms (Alvarez and O'Brien 1982;Noss et al 1985;Li et al 2004). Researchers have encountered great difficulty in determining the primary target site as there are so many for ClO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma membrane damage toCandida albicanscaused by chlorine dioxide (ClO₂)

Wei

Huang

et al. 2008

Letters in Applied Microbiology

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Aim: To investigate the plasma membrane damage of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) to Candida albicans ATCC10231 at or below the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). Methods and Results: ClO2 at MFC or below was adopted to treat the cell suspensions of C. albicans ATCC10231. Using transmission electron microscopy, no visible physiological alteration of cell shape and plasma membrane occurred. Potassium (K+) leakages were significant; likewise, it showed time‐ and dose‐dependent increases. However, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) leakages were very slight. Research shows that when 99% of the cells were inactivated, the leakage was measured at 0·04% of total ATP. Compared with the mortality‐specific fluorescent dye of DiBAC4(3), majority of the inactivated cells were poorly stained by propidium iodide, another mortality‐specific fluorescent dye which can be traced by flow cytometry. Conclusion: At or below MFC, ClO2 damages the plasma membranes of C. albicans mainly by permeabilization, rather than by the disruption of their integrity. K+ leakage and the concomitant depolarization of the cell membrane are some of the critical events. Significance and Impact of the Study: These insights into membrane damages are helpful in understanding the action mode of ClO2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma membrane damage toCandida albicanscaused by chlorine dioxide (ClO₂)

Wei

Huang

et al. 2008

Letters in Applied Microbiology

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“…Chick (1908), Watson (1908) and later, Phelps (1911) provided mathematical models correlating the concentration of bactericide to the rate of disinfection of the test organisms, suggesting an analogy between velocity of microbial disinfection and a unimolecular or first order chemical reaction that has remained the model for subsequent investigations (e.g. Bean and Das 1966;Benarde et al 1967). However, departures from the Chick-Watson law are not uncommon, as inactivation kinetics are dependant on so many variables (Wickramanayake and Sproul 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One explanation for the variability of the bacterial suspension test

2000

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M BE RT . 2000. Disinfection kinetic studies of sodium dodecyl sulphate, benzalkonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that when a higher inoculum level of Staph. aureus than normal was used (approximately 1 log higher), the efficacy of disinfection was severely attenuated. Kinetic analysis using the Hom model for experiments carried out on tests using 3 × 10 8 organisms ml −1 were unable to account for the large increase in disinfection power observed when smaller inoculum levels were used. Since the inoculum was the same in every way except for the numbers used, the large variations in the log reduction/time curves could not be explained by a variation in the resistance of the population to the biocide, as identical log reduction-time curves should have resulted. The level of disinfection achieved for a given concentration of biocide was found to be approximately linearly related to the cell number ml −1 of test solution and not to the log number. The variation observed is believed to occur due to intrinsic self-quenching of the biocide by the microbes during the course of the disinfection test. As the level of free biocide decreases, the rate of reaction decreases, giving the tails of the log reduction/time curves. Such intrinsic self-quenching could explain the large variations known to occur in the legally required disinfection suspension tests.

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“…Chlorine dioxide is a potential alternative topical treatment for oral candidiasis. The antiseptic effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) have previously been investigated 10,11 . Prior studies have demonstrated its effectiveness as a disinfectant 10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The antiseptic effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) have previously been investigated 10,11 . Prior studies have demonstrated its effectiveness as a disinfectant 10 . Chlorine dioxide has been shown to be effective as a topical agent by killing bacteria, viruses, and fungi in less than one minute 10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%