Kinetics of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in volunteers; Influence of exposure concentration and work load

Monster, A. C.; Boersma, G.; Steenweg, H.

doi:10.1007/bf00377783

Cited by 44 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The authors suggested that these findings indicate an accumulation of Trichloroethane in the body. Monster et al (1979) studied the pharmacokinetics of Trichloroethane in human subjects at rest and while performing work. Six healthy male volunteers, aged 27 to 34 years, were each exposed to 70 ppm Trichloroethane for 4 h at rest, 145 ppm Trichloroethane for 4 h at rest, and 142 ppm Trichloroethane for 4 h with two 30-min periods of exercise (100 Watt workload on a bicycle ergometer).…”

Section: Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Trichloroethane

2008

Int. J. of Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Trichloroethane functions in cosmetics as a solvent. Although Trichloroethane has been reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in cosmetic products, an industry survey found that it is not in current use in the cosmetic industry. Trichloroethane is considered a Class I ozone-depleting substance by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its use is prohibited in the United States, unless considered essential. The FDA has stated that Trichloroethane's use in cosmetics is considered nonessential. Trichloroethane is detected by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas-liquid chromatography. In rats, Trichloroethane, whether inhaled or injected, is mostly expelled intact from the body through exhalation. A very small percentage is excreted in the urine. In humans, Trichloroethane is rapidly absorbed through the skin and eliminated in exhaled air and a very small percentage is excreted in urine. Inhaled Trichloroethane is eliminated in exhaled air. Acute oral LD(50) values have been reported as follows: 12.3 g/kg in male rats; 10.3 g/kg in female rats; 11.24 g/kg in female mice; 5.66 g/kg in female rabbits; and 9.47 g/kg in male guinea pigs. Acute toxicity studies using other routes of exposure, including subcutaneous injection and inhalation, produced no evidence of significant toxicity, except at very high exposure levels. Continuous inhalation exposure of rabbits to 750 mg/m(3) for 90 days did not produce any signs of toxicity. Continuous exposure of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys to 500 ppm Trichloroethane for 6 months did not produce any signs of toxicity. Other short-term and subchronic inhalation exposures confirmed acute and short-term exposure findings that the toxic effects of inhalation were a function of both concentration and time. Rats receiving 750 or 1500 mg/kg day(- 1) Trichloroethane in corn oil by oral gavage 5 days per week for 78 weeks had reduced body weights and early mortality. Reduced body weights, decreased survival rates, and early mortality (in females) were found in mice dosed with 3000 or 6000 mg/kg day(- 1) (over the last 58 weeks; lower doses were administered for the first 20 weeks). Mice exposed to prolonged periods of Trichloroethane in an inhalation chamber had increased motor activity at levels up to 5000 ppm. Further increase of concentration of exposure resulted in less of an increase of motor activity until motor activity began to fall below normal at 10,000 ppm. Adverse effects on motor activity in rats were seen at exposures as low as 3000 ppm for 4 h. Rabbits had slight reddening and scaling after 10 24-h applications to abdominal skin of Trichloroethane mixed with 2.4% to 3.0% dioxane, and slight to moderate erythema, slight edema, and slight exfoliation was observed when 75% Trichloroethane and 25% tetrachloroethylene were applied to rabbit ears for 11 days. Undiluted Trichloroethane applied to the clipped backs of guinea pigs produced histopathologic damage in the epidermis. A primary irritation index of 5.22 (ou...

show abstract

Section: Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Trichloroethane

2008

Int. J. of Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Alveolar ventilation rate is an important determinant of solvent uptake through inhalation, and increased levels of physical exercise (associated with increased pulmonary capillary blood flow) have been associated with increasing uptake by a factor of two to three times the baseline level [Monster et al, 1979;Riihimaki et al, 19791. Respiratory uptake varies between individual solvents in relation to their specific airhlood partition coefficients, which are determined by alveolocapillary membrane permeability and blood solubility.…”

Section: Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

The neurotoxicity of industrial solvents: A review of the literature

Baker

Smith

Landrigan

1985

American J Industrial Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Organic solvents, particularly stryrene, are used widely in boatbuilding. They may be absorbed by workers either through the respiratory tract or the skin. Uptake is influenced by level and duration of exposure, work load, and specific physiochemical features of each solvent, as well as by work practices and use of protective equipment. Kinetics of metabolism and excretion kinetics are highly variable among compounds. Metabolites can be measured in blood, urine, or exhaled breath and may serve as indirect indices of absorption. Acute high-dose exposure to organic solvents can produce a transient narcotic effect on the central nervous system. This effect occurs in proportion to brain dose, which in turn is determined by intensity and duration of exposure. Additionally, chronic exposures to organic solvents have been reported to produce an increased frequency of neurologic signs and symptoms. These findings include peripheral neuropathies and toxic encephalopathies. The latter are characterized by alterations in affect, memory loss, and impaired cognition. Concern exists that prolonged excessive exposure to organic solvents may lead to premature and persistent dementia in certain workers.

show abstract

“…In addition, metabolism appears to play only a small role in the overall disposition of TCE in humans and animals with only a small fraction of the absorbed dose (<10%) being metabolized (Mitoma et al 1985;Monster et al 1979, Nolan et al 1984Schumann et al 1982a,b). Future studies would benefit from the development of TCE kinetic models for the mouse (similar to the one developed for the rat; Poet et al 2000) in which it would be possible to estimate the levels of TCE and its metabolites after repeated exposure to such high doses of TCE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%