Tolerance and sensitization to inhaled 1,1,1-trichloroethane in mice: results from open-field behavior and a functional observational battery

Bowen, Scott E.; Balster, Robert L.

doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0335-1

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Adaptive mechanisms in the liver, for example, may also play a role in the appearance of tolerance as enhanced liver metabolism following repeated exposures may lower the concentration of toluene in the body (Elovaara et al, 1979). However, data from animal studies have reported varied findings including both tolerance and cross-sensitization following repeated exposure to toluene (see Bowen and Balster, 2006 for review).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic intermittent toluene inhalation in adolescent rats alters behavioural responses to amphetamine and MK801

Duncan

Gibbs

Lawrence

2014

European Neuropsychopharmacology

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Abuse of toluene-containing inhalants is common during adolescence, with ongoing chronic misuse associated with adverse outcomes and increased risk for addictive behaviours in adulthood. However, the mechanisms mediating the adaptive processes related to these outcomes are not well defined. To model human abuse patterns we exposed male adolescent Wistar rats (postnatal day 27) to chronic intermittent inhaled toluene (CIT, 10,000 ppm) or air (control) for 1h/day, three times/week for 3 weeks. The effects of CIT on behaviour and recovery were monitored. Locomotor activity was recorded following two consecutive injections of amphetamine (1mg/kg, i.p.) 72 and 96 h after the last exposure. This was followed with injection of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) 20 days after the last exposure. CIT resulted in a significant and persistent retardation in weight gain during the exposure period and abstinence (p<0.05). Repeated exposure resulted in tolerance to the onset of toluene-induced behaviours and recovery latency. There was a reduction in the acute stimulant effects of amphetamine in CIT-exposed animals and an increase in the magnitude of locomotor activity (p<0.0125) following a subsequent exposure when compared to the responses observed in controls; this was associated with altered locomotor responses to MK801. Repeated exposure to CIT during adolescence alters parameters of growth, as measured by body weight, and leads to tolerance, indicating that increasing concentrations of the compound may be needed to reach the same behavioural state. Toluene during this period also alters responses to a psychostimulant which may be related to long-term glutamatergic dysfunction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic intermittent toluene inhalation in adolescent rats alters behavioural responses to amphetamine and MK801

Duncan

Gibbs

Lawrence

2014

European Neuropsychopharmacology

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“…Further work by this group [37] clearly implicates reinforcement loss as an important factor in the degree of tolerance development with trichloroethylene exposure. Additionally, Bowen and Balster [4] recently reported that tolerance was more likely to occur if the initial effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) produced disruptions in behavior, but when the effects of TCE were not disruptive (e.g., increased motor activity), sensitization occurred. However, other studies have shown no evidence for the development of tolerance to repeated inhalant exposure.…”

Section: 0 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abuse pattern of toluene exposure alters mouse behavior in a waiting-for-reward operant task

Bowen

McDonald

2009

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Inhaling solvents for recreational purposes continues to be a world-wide public health concern. Toluene, a volatile solvent in many abused products, adversely affects the central nervous system. However, the long-term neurobehavioral effects of exposure to high-concentration, binge patterns typical of toluene abuse remain understudied. We studied the behavioral effects of repeated toluene exposure on cognitive function following binge toluene exposure on behavioral impulse control in Swiss Webster mice using a "wait-for-reward" operant task. Mice were trained on a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule using sweetened milk as a reward. Upon achieving FR15, a wait component was added which delivered free rewards in the absence of responses at increasing time intervals (2 sec, 4 sec, 6 sec, etc…). Mice continued to receive free rewards until they pressed a lever that reinstated the FR component (FR Reset). Once proficient in the FR-Wait task, mice were exposed to either 1,000 ppm, 3,600 ppm or 6,000 ppm toluene, or 0 ppm (air controls) for 30 min per day for 40 days. To avoid acute effects of toluene exposure, behavior was assessed 23 hours later. Repeated toluene exposure decreased response rates, the number of FR resets, and increased mean wait time, resulting in a higher response-to-reinforcer ratio than exhibited by controls. Mice receiving the higher exposure level (6,000 ppm) showed a dramatic decrease in the number of rewards received, which was reversed when toluene exposure ceased. Mice receiving the lower exposure level (1,000 ppm) showed little change in the number of rewards. These results indicate that repeated binge exposures to high concentrations of toluene can significantly interfere with performance as measured by a waiting-forreward task, suggesting a significant impact on cognitive and/or psychomotor function. IntroductionIntentionally inhaling chemical fumes to achieve euphoric effects continues to be a popular method of drug abuse throughout the world [34] in part because of the ready availability of many products to "huff" and the uncomplicated methods of administration. Paint thinners, gasoline, nail polish remover and many commonly used household cleaning products are potential sources of abused chemicals. Exposure levels during episodes of abuse are much higher than concentrations present during typical occupational or incidental exposures to these same chemicals. For example, in contrast to an 8-hr exposure to ~100 ppm of toluene in a workplace, abuse typically can involve >20 deep inhalations of very high solvent concentrations (likely more than 5,000 ppm) over a very short period of time (10-15 min) Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be dis...

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“…The outbred Swiss Webster strain was included because it represents a genetically heterogeneous stock of mice and it has been the strain most frequently used in earlier reports examining the behavioral effects of solvent exposure (Bowen, Batis, 2006, Cruz and Bowen, 2008, Evans and Balster, 1991). Finally, we also assessed performance in this task after repeated toluene exposures because repeated solvent exposure is known to alter behavioral responses to subsequent solvent exposures (Bowen and Balster, 2006, Hinman, 1987)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of toluene-induced locomotor activity in four mouse strains

Bowen

Kimar

Irtenkauf

2010

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The mechanisms by which abused inhalants exert their neurobehavioral effects are only partially understood. In research with other drugs of abuse, specific inbred mouse strains have been useful in exploring genetic loci important to variation in behavioral reactions to these drugs. In the present investigation, mice from three inbred strains (Balb/cByj, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J) and one outbred strain (Swiss Webster) were studied for their acute and chronic sensitivity to toluene-induced changes in locomotor activity. Mice were exposed to toluene (0, 100, 2000, 8000, 10000 ppm) for 30 min in static exposure chambers equipped with activity monitors. In the acute condition, concentrations of toluene <8000 ppm increased ambulatory distance while the concentrations of ≥8000 ppm induced temporally biphasic effects with initial increases in activity followed by hypoactivity. Between-group differences in absolute locomotor activity levels were evident. The inbred Balb/cByj and DBA/2J strains as well as the outbred Swiss Webster strain of mice showed greater increases in activity after an acute challenge exposure to 2000 ppm than the inbred C57BL/6J strain. The same animals were then exposed 30 min/day to 8000 ppm toluene for 14 consecutive days. Re-determination of responses to 2000-ppm challenge exposures revealed that sensitization developed in locomotor activity and that the DBA/2J strain showed the greatest increase in sensitivity. These baseline differences in acute sensitivity and the differential shifts in sensitivity after repeated exposures among the inbred mouse strains suggest a genetic basis for the behavioral effects to toluene. The results support the notion that like for other drugs of abuse, using various strains of mice may be useful for investigating mechanisms that underlie risk for inhalant abuse.

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Tolerance and sensitization to inhaled 1,1,1-trichloroethane in mice: results from open-field behavior and a functional observational battery

Abstract: Depending on the behavioral measure, both tolerance and sensitization can occur in mice with repeated exposure to TCE. Both of these phenomena are characteristic of drugs of abuse.

Cited by 15 publications

References 49 publications

Chronic intermittent toluene inhalation in adolescent rats alters behavioural responses to amphetamine and MK801

Chronic intermittent toluene inhalation in adolescent rats alters behavioural responses to amphetamine and MK801

Abuse pattern of toluene exposure alters mouse behavior in a waiting-for-reward operant task

Comparison of toluene-induced locomotor activity in four mouse strains

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