Kinetics of colonization of a porous vitreous carbon percutaneous implant

An in vitro Reconstructed Human Skin Equivalent Model to Study the Role of Skin Integration Around Percutaneous Devices Against Bacterial Infection

“…It is noteworthy that while the authors confirmed S. aureus to be the only organism isolated from infected implants, bacterial loads from implants or tissues were not determined and localization of bacteria along the implant interface was not examined either. Similarly, older studies in rabbits and pigs reported no signs of infection with porous carbon percutaneous devices (Krouskop et al, 1988;Nowicki et al, 1990). Differences in implant materials could account for these differences in results, as well as the use of different bacterial pathogens, which are known to have distinct biofilm formation properties.…”

Development of a soft tissue seal around bone-anchored transcutaneous amputation prostheses

“…HA-coated transcutaneous devices in the forearms of three human volunteers have been reported to be maintained successfully for over 5 years [21]. Porous and grooved biomaterials also have the potential to promote soft tissue ingrowth, with pore and groove size being critical to their success [22,23]. However, transcutaneous devices composed of porous materials are associated with a high risk of infection [20] and have met with limited success [24].…”

Patient specific implants for amputation prostheses: Design, manufacture and analysis

“…Since microbial adhesion and inflammatory cells are associated with implant-skin interfaces, the use of bioactive coatings that decrease bacterial adhesion could eliminate infections (16,17). Similarly, optimizing the pore volume fraction, pore size in porous coated implants, surface topography and modification of dense implants and design modifications such as a porous flange just below the skin penetrating area, have been shown to produce an effective barrier for infection (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Finally, aseptic implant loosening due to stress shielding might be a potential issue leading to implant loosening.…”

“…The stem of the implant was designed to be porous in order to better match the modulus of the implant to that of the surrounding bone, and also enable bone tissue ingrowth for long-term fixation of the bone. An additional advantage of implants that have a porous structure includes inhibition of skin-implant interfacial infections (18)(19)(20). We have previously reported that introduction of porosity during the fabrication step using a laser based additive manufacturing technology offers several advantages for metallic implant fabrication (31).…”