Kinetics of Fertilization in the Sea Urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus franciscanus</i>: Interaction of Gamete Dilution, Age, and Contact Time

Levitan, Don R.; Sewell, Mary A.; Chia, Fu‐Shiang

doi:10.2307/1542357

Cited by 188 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The relationship between sperm density and fertilization in H. erythrogramma, follows the well-documented pattern for sea urchin fertilization kinetics (Denny and Shibata 1989; Levitan et al, 1991;Pennington, 1985). However, neither of our predictions in relation to climate change stressors was borne out.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…where high rates of fertilization require 10 6 -10 7 sperm ml -1 (Levitan, et al, 1991;Pennington, 1985). Due to the higher probability of sperm encountering eggs of larger size (egg-target model), the lower sperm density required to obtain high fertilization in rates H. erythrogramma is in accord with expectations (Levitan, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…For free spawning marine invertebrates the chance of egg and sperm meeting can be negatively impacted by gamete dilution and sperm limitation conditions (Denny and Shibata 1989;Levitan et al, 1991;Levitan, 1995). Seawater chemistry influences fertilization kinetics as seen in cases where toxicants exert a disproportionate negative effect at low sperm densities (Dinnell, et al, 1987;Hollows et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sea urchin fertilization in a warm, acidified and high pCO2 ocean across a range of sperm densities

Byrne

Soars

Selvakumaraswamy

et al. 2010

Marine Environmental Research

114

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Sea urchin fertilization in a warm, acidified and high pCO ocean across a range of sperm densities. Marine Environmental Research, Elsevier, 2010, 69 (4) This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sea urchin fertilization in a warm, acidified and high pCO2 ocean across a range of sperm densities

Byrne

Soars

Selvakumaraswamy

et al. 2010

Marine Environmental Research

114

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“…Evidence for mechanisms that slow sperm entry is more difficult to gather, but reproductive biologists have long known that it takes a large number of sperm to fertilize some eggs. In sea urchins, for example, fertilization rates are low unless there are hundreds to thousands of sperm per egg (Levitan et al, 1991), and the mathematic kinetics of sea urchin fertilization works best under the assumption that only 1% of the egg surface is actually fertilizable (Vogel et al, 1982).…”

Section: Sexual Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation and the evolution of gamete recognition genes: pattern and process

2008

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Proteins on gamete surfaces are major determinants of fertilization success, particularly in free-spawning animals. Molecular analyses of these simple genetic systems show rapid evolution, positive selection, accelerated coalescence and, sometimes, extensive polymorphism. Careful analysis of the behavior of sperm produced by males with different gamete alleles shows that these alleles can deliver significant functional differences. Three forms of allele-specific fertilization advantage have been shown: assortative mating based on gamete type, rare allele advantage and heterozygote superiority. Models suggest that sperm and egg proteins may be coevolutionary partners that can alternate between directional selection for high fertilization ability and cyclic adaptation of eggs and sperm driven by sexual conflict. These processes act within allopatric populations and may accelerate their divergence if gamete adaptations in separate demes reduce cross-fertilization. Reproductive character displacement by reinforcement may play a diversifying role when previously allopatric populations rejoin. In circumstance that might prove to be common, divergence in sympatry can be driven by sexual conflict or by association of mating types with ecological differences. The ecology of fertilization, especially the degree of sperm competition and egg death via polyspermy, are important determinants of the strength and direction of selection on gametes. Freespawning animals allow careful analysis of gamete recognition -from the behavior of adults and interactions of gametes, to molecular patterns of allele divergence. Future research efforts on the evolutionary consequences of fertilization ecology, and the interaction between extensive variation in egg surface proteins and sperm fertilization ability, are particularly needed.

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“…In such free-spawning organisms the ambient sperm concentration into which spawned eggs are released has been long recognised as a key factor affecting fertilization success (e.g. Brown and Knouse, 1973;Vogel et al, 1982;Pennington, 1985;Levitan et al, 1991;Benzie and Dixon, 1994;Levy and Couturier, 1996). Because fertilization success can be limited by sperm availability, the selection exerted by sperm limitation results in adaptations aimed to reduce sperm dilution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertilization success in <i>Galeolaria caespitosa</i> (Polychaeta: Serpillidae): gamete characteristics, role of sperm dilution, gamete age, and contact time

Kupriyanova¹

2006

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY: Variability in gamete traits and the factors affecting fertilization success were studied in a common gregarious broadcast-spawning serpulid polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa. Variability of egg size and sperm velocity were not related to the adult size. High sperm concentrations (10 7 -10 8 sperm. ml -1 ) were required to achieve fertilization rates of 60-80%. The gamete contact time required to achieve high fertilization rates (70-80%) in G. caespitosa did not exceed 5 minutes of gamete exposure given sufficiently high sperm concentrations. This suggests that attachment of sperm to the egg takes place very rapidly, and a short-term exposure to highly concentrated sperm is a common feature of fertilization ecology of this gregarious species. A sharp decline in fertilization rates at high sperm concentrations usually attributable to polyspermy was not observed. Sperm were motile for up to 6 hours after activation; however, swimming velocity and fertilization success decreased after 2 hours. Eggs of G. caespitosa were fertilizable up to 10 hours after spawning, but the number of embryos resulting from fertilizations by fresh sperm decreased after 2 hours. The gamete traits of G. caespitosa appear to have evolved to enable this sessile organism to reproduce under conditions of high population density and increased risk of polyspermy.Keywords: Galeolaria caespitosa, Serpulidae, Polychaeta, egg size, gamete longevity, sperm behaviour, fertilization success, gamete concentration and age. -La variabilidad de los gametos y los factores que afectan el éxito en la fertilización han sido estudiados en una especie gregaria común, el serpúli-do Galeolaria caespitosa. La variabilidad encontrada para el tamaño de los huevos y la velocidad del esperma no estuvo relacionada con el tamaño de los adultos. Elevadas concentraciones de esperma (10 7 -10 8 esperma ml -1 ) se necesitaron para alcanzar ratios de fertilización del 60-80%. El tiempo de contacto de los gametos que se necesitó para alcanzar elevados ratios de fertilización (70-80%) en G. Caespitosa no excedió los 5 minutos si se daban suficientes concentraciones de esperma. Ello sugiere que la adhesión del esperma a los huevos se realiza muy rápidamente y una pequeña exposición en cantidades de esperma suficiente es algo común en esta especie gregaria de poliqueto. Un rápido declive de los ratios de fertilización cuando hay grandes concentraciones de esperma atribuible a poliespermia no fue observada. El esperma se mantuvo con movilidad 6 horas después de su activación, sin embargo, la velocidad de desplazamiento y el éxito de la fertilización decrecieron pasadas las 2 primeras horas. Huevos de G. caespitosa fueron fecundados 10 horas después de la puesta pero el número de embriones obtenido de la fertilización decreció después de las primeras 2 horas. Los gametos de G. caespitosa parecen haber evolucionado para proporcionar a este organismo sésil la capacidad de reproducirse en condiciones de elevada densidad poblacional y riesgo elevado de poliespermia.Palabras c...

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Kinetics of Fertilization in the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus: Interaction of Gamete Dilution, Age, and Contact Time

Cited by 188 publications

References 14 publications

Sea urchin fertilization in a warm, acidified and high pCO2 ocean across a range of sperm densities

Sea urchin fertilization in a warm, acidified and high pCO2 ocean across a range of sperm densities

Speciation and the evolution of gamete recognition genes: pattern and process

Fertilization success in <i>Galeolaria caespitosa</i> (Polychaeta: Serpillidae): gamete characteristics, role of sperm dilution, gamete age, and contact time

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