Kinetics of the cervical spine in pediatric and adult volunteers during low speed frontal impacts

Seacrist, Thomas; Arbogast, Kristy B.; Maltese, Matthew R.; García-España, J. Felipe; López‐Valdés, Francisco J.; Kent, Richard W.; Tanji, Hiromasa; Higuchi, Kenichi; Balasubramanian, Sriram

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.09.016

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Three low-velocity impact scenarios were tested: low (1.7 g), medium (2.6 g), and high (3.8 g) impact pulse. The sled impact pulse was within the range of other studies on the volunteer dynamic response in frontal impacts, such as those by Beeman et al (2.5–4.7g) [2] and Seacrist et al (3.8 g) [36], who used inverse dynamics analysis of the neck loads, as well as other experimental and numerical studies on the neck muscle activity [5,8,37,41,42]. Table 1 shows the average parameters (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) of the impact pulse used.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Anderst et al [34] used the inverse dynamics approach to estimate neck muscle forces, where in vivo motion data was used to drive a numerical model of the head-neck complex, but for slow voluntary motion only. Funk et al [35] verified that the inverse dynamics approach can be used for the neck load estimation in case of impact forces acting to the head, while Seacrist et al [36] and Beeman et al [2,3,4] analysed volunteers’ neck loads during low-velocity frontal impacts. However, the joint moment results from the action of the whole muscle group, the electrical activity of which cannot be assessed with a single EMG electrode, making it difficult to correlate the EMG signal to the body dynamic response directly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Approach to Measuring Muscle Mechanics in Vehicle Collision Conditions

Kraśna

Đorđević

Hribernik

et al. 2017

Sensors

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The aim of the study was to evaluate a novel approach to measuring neck muscle load and activity in vehicle collision conditions. A series of sled tests were performed on 10 healthy volunteers at three severity levels to simulate low-severity frontal impacts. Electrical activity—electromyography (EMG)—and muscle mechanical tension was measured bilaterally on the upper trapezius. A novel mechanical contraction (MC) sensor was used to measure the tension on the muscle surface. The neck extensor loads were estimated based on the inverse dynamics approach. The results showed strong linear correlation (Pearson’s coefficient r¯P = 0.821) between the estimated neck muscle load and the muscle tension measured with the MC sensor. The peak of the estimated neck muscle force delayed 0.2 ± 30.6 ms on average vs. the peak MC sensor signal compared to the average delay of 61.8 ± 37.4 ms vs. the peak EMG signal. The observed differences in EMG and MC sensor collected signals indicate that the MC sensor offers an additional insight into the analysis of the neck muscle load and activity in impact conditions. This approach enables a more detailed assessment of the muscle-tendon complex load of a vehicle occupant in pre-impact and impact conditions.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach to Measuring Muscle Mechanics in Vehicle Collision Conditions

Kraśna

Đorđević

Hribernik

et al. 2017

Sensors

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show abstract

“…The changing facet joint orientation likely contributes to variations in the distribution of external load with increasing age (i.e. the relative contribution of axial versus shear loading) [83,100]. …”

Section: Facet Jointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other factors, such as muscle response and cervical vertebral structural properties, may also contribute to the differences, but were not evaluated in this study. Using inverse dynamics, the same authors quantified the forces and moments at the upper cervical spine [100] (Fig. 22.17).…”

Section: Structural Response: Human Volunteersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Biomechanics

Arbogast¹,

Maltese²

2014

Accidental Injury

Self Cite

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During the human postnatal developmental process, extensive tissue and morphological changes occur. Many take place in the first few years of life but substantial development for several body regions continues well into young adulthood. Along with overall change in size, these material and structural changes influence the biomechanical response of child such that they respond differently to traumatic load than an adult. Understanding the unique biomechanical response of the child is challenging, as compared to the wealth of biomechanical data on the adult response to trauma, pediatric biomechanical data are relatively sparse. As a result, quantitative scaling relationships based on anatomical and material differences have been historically used to understand the biomechanics of the child. The last decade, however, has seen a tremendous increase in contributions to the biomechanics literature based upon pediatric subjects -volunteers, postmortem human subjects, and animal models -thus increasing our knowledge of how to design injury mitigation systems to protect the young.In this chapter, aspects of developmental anatomy and biomechanical knowledge are reviewed to provide context for pediatric human injury prediction. Emphasis is initially placed on the head and brain as this body region represents the most common seriously injured body region for children in virtually all unintentional injury modes. Specifically, head injuries are particularly relevant clinically as the developing brain is difficult to evaluate and treat, and even mild brain injuries in childhood can lead to deficits that remain long after the injury. Discussion follows on the cervical spine and thorax as these body regions are not only important from an injury mitigation standpoint but they govern the kinematics of the head during traumatic loading and therefore play a role in head injury protection. A brief description follows for the other body regions: the abdomen

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“…Previous inverse dynamics models of the cervical spine have primarily focused on the response of the head and neck to impacts [37][38][39][40]. The biofidelity of these models may be increased by including muscular activation in the model [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subject-Specific Inverse Dynamics of the Head and Cervical Spine During in Vivo Dynamic Flexion-Extension

Anderst¹,

Donaldson²,

Lee³

et al. 2013

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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The effects of degeneration and surgery on cervical spine mechanics are commonly evaluated through in vitro testing and finite element models derived from these tests. The objectives of the current study were to estimate the load applied to the C2 vertebra during in vivo functional flexion-extension and to evaluate the effects of anterior cervical arthrodesis on spine kinetics. Spine and head kinematics from 16 subjects (six arthrodesis patients and ten asymptomatic controls) were determined during functional flexionextension using dynamic stereo X-ray and conventional reflective markers. Subjectspecific inverse dynamics models, including three flexor muscles and four extensor muscles attached to the skull, estimated the force applied to C2. Total force applied to C2 was not significantly different between arthrodesis and control groups at any 10 deg increment of head flexion-extension (all p values ! 0.937). Forces applied to C2 were smallest in the neutral position, increased slowly with flexion, and increased rapidly with extension. Muscle moment arms changed significantly during flexion-extension, and were dependent upon the direction of head motion. The results suggest that in vitro protocols and finite element models that apply constant loads to C2 do not accurately represent in vivo cervical spine kinetics.

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Kinetics of the cervical spine in pediatric and adult volunteers during low speed frontal impacts

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

A Novel Approach to Measuring Muscle Mechanics in Vehicle Collision Conditions

A Novel Approach to Measuring Muscle Mechanics in Vehicle Collision Conditions

Pediatric Biomechanics

Subject-Specific Inverse Dynamics of the Head and Cervical Spine During in Vivo Dynamic Flexion-Extension

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