Kinetics of the degradation of sulfur mustard on ambient and moist concrete

Brevett, Carol A.; Sumpter, Kenneth B.; Nickol, Robert G.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.033

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Thus, yperite which is poorly soluble in water, reacts very slowly and does not afford thiodiglycol (TDG) as expected. Instead, it undergoes partial oligomerization/hydrolysis, rearranging into micelles that still contain important quantities of unaltered yperite in their core (Scheme 2); 14,26 this direct route is therefore little used for mustard agents. Hydrolysis under harsh conditions (high temperature, strongly basic aqueous medium) is able to detoxify some CWA as illustrated by the neutralisation of the declared Syrian stockpiles of Sarin (300 tons) and yperite (> 1000 tons) with the Field Deployable Hydrolysis System (FHDS) embarked on the Cape Ray ship.…”

Section: Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods

2019

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Section: Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods

2019

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“…The degradation kinetics of concrete reflects the changing law of its performance with time during service life when subjected to a certain environmental condition. Many relevant achievements have been acquired by researchers [46][47][48]. Certainly, the degradation kinetic process of concrete is very complicated because many variable factors in practice are involved, including temperature, relative humidity, aggressive media etc.…”

Section: Corrosion Kinetics Of Hardened Cement Pastementioning

confidence: 99%

Deterioration mechanism of steam-cured concrete subjected to coupled environmental acid and drying action

Long

Luo

et al. 2020

J Infrastruct Preserv Resil

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In order to investigate the deterioration mechanism of steam-cured concrete under severe environmental actions such as acid rain corrosion, salt corrosion, and cyclic thermal loading, accelerated corrosion tests were conducted in this study. Surface damage as well as deteriorative kinetics of steam-cured concrete and cement paste suffering from coupled acid-thermal actions was investigated by soaking-drying cycle experiments. The effects of mineral admixture, curing regime and corrosion condition on the durability were all comparatively studied, and the X-ray diffractograms and nanoindentation were applied to analyse the mechanism of corrosion deterioration. The results revealed that compared with the cementitious materials under standard curing, larger depth and faster corrosion were observed for steam-cured concrete and cement paste, which might be partly attributed to the lower content of hydrated production presented in steam-cured specimens. Besides, under acid solution soaking-drying cycle regime, there was significant higher corrosion depth compared to only soaking in acid solution. The corrosion depth under steam curing and soaking-drying condition increased by 156.68% and 44.17%, respectively, compared with those under standard curing and only soaking treatment. In addition, fly ash effectively decreased the corrosion depth of steam-cured cement paste and concrete by 64.98% and 16.33%, respectively.

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“…The degradation of sulfur mustard on the moist and ambient mortar and limestone components of the concrete was also monitored. 4 In the present document, additional kinetic data and spectra for sulfur mustard degradation on ambient and moist concrete are given.…”

Section: Mustardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur Mustard Degradation on Ambient and Moist Concrete

Brevett¹,

Sumpter²

2008

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORIMONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThe reactivity, rate, and products for sulfur mustard were measured on ambient and moist concrete using t 3 C solid-state magicangle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (SSMAS NMR). Three samples of concrete made by the same formulation, but differing in age and alkalinity, were used. A portion of sulfur mustard directly formed 8 to 31% vinyl moieties on the newer, more alkaline concrete sample. The balance of the sulfur mustard degraded to thiodiglycol and 1,4-oxathiane via the intermediate sulfonium ions CH-TG, H-TG, H-2TG, and O(CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 S+CH 2 CH 2 OH on all of the concrete samples. The degradation of sulfur mustard occurred more quickly at elevated temperatures and with added water; half-lives on ambient substrates at 22 'C ranged from 3.5 to 54 weeks on ambient concrete, with no reaction on ambient limestone. On moistened substrates the degradation half-lives at 22 'C ranged from 75 to 350 hr. The Arrhenius activation energies were 47 kJ/mol on ambient concrete and 86 kJ/mol on moist concrete. The toxic sulfonium ions, which were the first product of the degradation, persisted for months to years on concrete at 22 'C and weeks to months on concrete at 35 'C.

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Kinetics of the degradation of sulfur mustard on ambient and moist concrete

Cited by 29 publications

References 29 publications

Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods

Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods

Deterioration mechanism of steam-cured concrete subjected to coupled environmental acid and drying action

Sulfur Mustard Degradation on Ambient and Moist Concrete

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