Kinetics of Virus Inactivation by Ammonia

Abstract

Ammonia has been shown to be virucidal in sludge and NH4Cl solutions, although the rates at which viruses are inactivated have not been thoroughly studied. In the present studies, the kinetics of the poliovirus type 1 (strain CHAT) and bacteriophage f2 inactivation were examined in such a way that the effects of OHand NH4' could be separated from those of NH3. Purified virus stocks were placed into solutions of NH4Cl and control solutions containing an equivalent concentration of NaCl and incubated at 20°C. The percentage of virus surviving was calculated, and the kinetics were evaluated by constructing semilogarithmic plots of data. At all pH values and NH3 concentrations studied, the kinetics of the inactivation of both viruses were pseudo-first order. OHhad no measurable effect on the viruses, whereas the effects of NH4' and Na+ were similar. A doseresponse relationship between NH3 and the viruses was also found. Bacteriophage f2 was approximately 4.5 times more resistant to the effects of NH3 than was poliovirus.

Ammonia Disinfection of Hatchery Waste for Elimination of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses

“…The relatively low reaction rate, compared with that of chlorine, makes NH 3 unsuitable for disinfection of wastewater. However, it may be practical for the disinfection of organic material, such as wastewater sludge (13), and therefore might be adequate for HW treatment. The addition of NH 3 also increases the fertilizer value of the HW through the amount of available nitrogen.…”

Effect of heat on virus inactivation by ammonia

“…However, the magnitudes of the thermodynamic variables for f2 were low enough, as calculated for the low (10 to 35°C) and high (35 to 60°C) phases, that inactivation could have occurred by breakage of nucleic acid chains. For poliovirus, the sizes indicated possible involvement of nucleic acid at the low temperatures (10 to 40°C) but some unknown mechanism for the high temperatures (40 and 50°C).Ammonia has been shown to be virucidal in sludge and in buffer solutions (2,5,9,10). In addition, the kinetics of poliovirus 1 (CHAT) and f2 inactivation by NH3 have been reported to be pseudo-first order at 20°C (2).…”

“…Ammonia has been shown to be virucidal in sludge and in buffer solutions (2,5,9,10). In addition, the kinetics of poliovirus 1 (CHAT) and f2 inactivation by NH3 have been reported to be pseudo-first order at 20°C (2).…”

“…Ammonia has been shown to be virucidal in sludge and in buffer solutions (2,5,9,10). In addition, the kinetics of poliovirus 1 (CHAT) and f2 inactivation by NH3 have been reported to be pseudo-first order at 20°C (2). In studies to determine the mechanism of inactivation, NH3 was found to cleave the RNA of intact poliovirus 1 (CHAT) particles but not the RNA isolated from the poliovirus particles (9).…”

“…To extend further the study of the effect of temperature, the kinetics of inactivation for f2 were followed at 40, 50, and 60°C, and the kinetics for the poliovirus were followed at 40 and 50°C at one NH3 concentration (300 ppm [300 mg/liter]). The data obtained for the effect of temperature, together with those at 20°C from a previous study (2), were used to determine E, AH+, and ASS+, AG'. The results show that both viruses have a lower energy of activation for the lower temperature range (10 to 35°C for f2 and 10 to 40°C for poliovirus) than they do for the higher temperature range tested.…”