Salmonella reduction in manure by the addition of urea and ammonia

Ottoson, Jakob; Nordin, Annika; Rosen, D. von; Vinnerås, Björn

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.009

Cited by 50 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…or Arizona spp.. The fast reduction of E. coli and Gram-negative rods in the presence of ammonia 151 in animal manure is supported by earlier studies where Salmonella was eliminated 152 within two weeks at 14 °C in cow manure added 2% w/w urea (Ottoson et al 2008). 153…”

Section: Sample Collection and Enumeration Of Fecal Bacterial Indicatmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Since ammonia concentrations were not measured in 232 the heaps, we do not know if the reported ammonia threshold value of 30 mM ammonia 233 needed to produce a hygienic safe fertilizer were obtained. In addition to reducing 234 bacterial faecal indicators and pathogens, ammonia is also known to cause similar 235 reductions of viruses and helminth parasites (Nordin et al 2009;Vinnerås et al 2008). 236…”

Section: Sample Collection and Enumeration Of Fecal Bacterial Indicatmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in treated pig manure stored in clay-covered heaps in Vietnam

Dang

Truong

Madsen

et al. 2011

Veterinary Microbiology

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Section: Sample Collection and Enumeration Of Fecal Bacterial Indicatmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Sample Collection and Enumeration Of Fecal Bacterial Indicatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in treated pig manure stored in clay-covered heaps in Vietnam

Dang

Truong

Madsen

et al. 2011

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…Figure 5 presents the positive correlation between pH and Dr values for E. faecalis. Another study has shown that E. faecalis is affected mainly by pH rather than the ammonia concentration at temperatures below 20°C (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The urea used for optimizing the process was added at a low concentration (0.5% feces [wet mass]) compared with those in other studies (16,17,(20)(21)(22). The urea was mixed with the additive before application and was used in treatments 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Pathogens in Feces by Desiccation and Urea Treatment for Application in Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets

Magri

Philippi

Vinnerås

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Ecological sanitation technologies can be effective in providing health and environmental pollution control if they can efficiently reduce the pathogenicity of microorganisms carried in fecal material to safe levels. This study evaluated the sanitizing effects of different additives for dry treatment of feces from urine-diverting dry toilets, based on inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, bacteriophages MS2 and ⌽X, and Ascaris suum. The additives, ash (A) and oyster shell (O) in different amounts and urea (U) to optimize the process, were compared with no additive, solely urea, and sawdust as controls (C) and were covered ([x%O:A]) or uncovered (x%O:A). The main inactivation factors found were desiccation, ammonia content, and pH. S. Typhimurium and E. faecalis were more affected by the ammonia content. A combination of neutral to high pH and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of MS2, and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of ⌽X and A. suum. The inactivation rate was modeled for all combinations studied. The most promising treatments were [150%O:A؉U], 150%O:A؉U, and 150%O:A. According to the models, these could inactivate, for example, 7 log 10 units of all bacteria and bacteriophages within 83, 125, and 183 days, respectively. The inactivation of A. suum was modeled, albeit the measured decay in egg viability was low.

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“…Alkaline pH affects the equilibrium between NH 4 ϩ and NH 3 in aqueous solution in favor of the formation of NH 3 . The microbicidal properties of NH 3 have been observed both when ammonia is naturally occurring, as in urine, and when different biosolids have been treated with ammonia or ammonia-forming additives (7,18,19,26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Ascaris Eggs in Source-Separated Urine and Feces by Ammonia at Ambient Temperatures

Nordin

Nyberg

Vinnerås

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

102

105

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Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap water at 4, 14, 24, and 34°C. Fecal material, with and without ash, was treated with 1% or 2% (wt/wt) urea at 24 and 34°C. At 34°C eggs were inactivated in less than 10 days in urine and in amended feces. At 24°C only feces with 2% (wt/wt) urea or 1% (wt/wt) urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month, and no inactivation was observed after 75 days in urine diluted 1:3 (18 ؎ 11 mM NH 3 ). At temperatures of >24°C, NH 3 proved to be an efficient sanitizing agent in urine and feces at concentrations of >60 mM. Treating fecal material at 34°C can give a 6-log 10 egg inactivation within 1 month, whereas at 24°C 6 months of treatment is necessary for the same level of egg inactivation. At temperatures of 14°C and below, inactivation rates were low, with viable eggs after 6 months even in concentrated urine.

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Salmonella reduction in manure by the addition of urea and ammonia

Cited by 50 publications

References 27 publications

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in treated pig manure stored in clay-covered heaps in Vietnam

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in treated pig manure stored in clay-covered heaps in Vietnam

Inactivation of Pathogens in Feces by Desiccation and Urea Treatment for Application in Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets

Inactivation of Ascaris Eggs in Source-Separated Urine and Feces by Ammonia at Ambient Temperatures

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