Water contamination has turned into one of the most serious issues in the world. Nanomaterials are proficient to carry away heavy metals, and organic and inorganic dyes, pesticides, small molecules from polluted water. In this regard, nanoparticle has gained much attention due to their extraordinary properties compared to bulk materials. Metal oxide nanoparticles and nanocomposites have several advantages such as elevated surface area, low concentration, easily separable after treatment and so on. Among many feasible techniques, the adsorption process is one of the most useful techniques for leaving heavy ions and dyes from wastewater and gained large attention from researchers. Several studies on metal oxide nanoparticles and their use in wastewater treatment have been published in the literature. This chapter gives an outline about five metal-oxide based nanomaterials, nanocomposites as well as their applications in water pollution removal where the efficiency, limits and favorable circumstances are compared and explored. This article surely helps to gather information about some metal oxides nanoparticles and nanocomposites in wastewater treatment by the adsorption technique. In this review article, we primarily focused on five metal oxide nanoparticles and some of their recent applications published in the last two years.