Known Target and Nontarget Effects of the Novel Neonicotinoid Cycloxaprid to Arthropods: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticide class worldwide, and unfortunately, the widely used neonicotinoid imidacloprid is problematic for pollinators and other nontarget organisms. These nontarget impacts and the development of resistance prompt the ongoing development and testing of new neonicotinoids. The novel neonicotinoid cycloxaprid was described in 2011 and registered in China in 2015. Studies investigating its use and effect on target and nontarget species are recent and ongoing, and empirical evidence has not yet been collectively considered. Therefore, a systematic review was performed to identify and summarize data associated with target and nontarget, lethal and sublethal impacts of cycloxaprid for its use as a new insecticide. We performed keyword literature searches in Web of Science, PubMed, Academic Search Complete, and Google Scholar and explored citations used in identified articles. The search strategy yielded 66 citations; 25 citations fulfilled eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Under experimental conditions, cycloxaprid reduced populations of plant-feeding insect pests, suppressed populations of sucking and biting insect pests, and affected reproduction, development time, longevity, growth, gene regulation and expression, and phloem-feeding behavior of various life stages of certain insects. Studies focus on pest control efficacy and comparison with imidacloprid. Five nontarget organisms have been evaluated: Apis mellifera, Chrysoperla sinica, Harmonia axyridis, Daphnia magna, and Eisenia fetida. Variation in study design, to date, precludes a metaanalysis. However, these results provide valuable insight into possible effects to target and nontarget arthropods. Because cycloxaprid is a new insecticide, additional research is needed to clarify the mechanism of action of cycloxaprid and its metabolites, and to determine if it harms natural enemies or other nontarget organisms, if resistance develops, and if it exhibits cross-resistance with other insecticides. Although research on target arthropods will inform some effects on nontarget organisms, studies focusing explicitly on impacts to nontarget organisms are needed.

Current and future prospects of “all-organic” nanoinsecticides for agricultural insect pest management

“…The use of broad-spectrum conventional insecticides, like organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, has been widespread in agricultural croplands over the past five decades for their immediate effects (Sparks, 2013). However, the indiscriminate and excessive use of these chemicals resulted in a wide range of negative consequences, including eco-framework irregularity (Schäfer et al, 2019;Vašíčková et al, 2019), toxicity to nontarget organisms (Singh and Leppanen, 2020;Teng et al, 2020), and the development of insecticide-resistant pests (Kariyanna et al, 2020;Sparks et al, 2020). In addition to synthetic-chemical pesticides, some organic insecticides have also been recommended to combat insect pests (Lengai et al, 2020;Stankovic et al, 2020).…”

P450‐mediated resistance in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) reduces the efficacy of neonicotinoid seed treatments in Brassica napus

“…Furthermore, by controlling aphid vectors, neonicotinoid seed treatments have served a critical role in suppressing the spread of many plant viruses in a broad range of crops worldwide 26 . As such, the prophylactic use of neonicotinoid seed treatments is now a common means of controlling crop aphids, including M. persicae , in many parts of the world 27–29 …”

Toxicity, horizontal transfer, and physiological and behavioral effects of cycloxaprid against Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

“…24,25 More research is needed to evaluate its toxicity against a wider range of insect pests and its effect against more nontarget organisms. 26 To the best of our knowledge, cycloxaprid has never been evaluated for controlling any eusocial pest insects. In the present study, the toxicity and horizontal transfer effects of cycloxaprid against S. invicta were investigated.…”

“…Also, cycloxaprid degrades much faster than imidacloprid in freshwater 24 and has low toxicity to aquatic organisms such as Daphnia magna Straus and Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton‐Buchanan) 24,25 . More research is needed to evaluate its toxicity against a wider range of insect pests and its effect against more nontarget organisms 26 …”