Kontrolle des Internethandels mit Lebensmitteln: Abgrenzung bei Borderline-Produkten und Ansätze für effektive Kontrollstrategien

Löbell-Behrends, Sigrid; Böse, Wolfgang; Maixner, Sibylle; Kratz, Evamaria; Kohl-Himmelseher, Matthias; Marx, G.; Lachenmeier, Dirk W.

doi:10.1007/s00003-011-0687-2

Cited by 8 publications

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“…An internet search was conducted in November 2011 to identify the red yeast rice products that were offered at German speaking websites to German speaking consumers (for exact methodology, see Löbell-Behrends et al [38,39]). None of the identified products was available in conventional retail stores.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements

et al. 2012

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BackgroundRed yeast rice (i.e., rice fermented with Monascus spp.), as a food supplement, is claimed to be blood cholesterol-lowering. The red yeast rice constituent monacolin K, also known as lovastatin, is an inhibitor of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. This article aims to develop a sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to determine the total statin content of red yeast rice products.MethodsThe total statin content was determined by a 400 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopic method, based on the integration of the multiplet at δ 5.37-5.32 ppm of a hydrogen at the hexahydronaphthalene moiety in comparison to an external calibration with lovastatin. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was measured by a commercial spectrophotometric assay kit.ResultsThe NMR detection limit for total statins was 6 mg/L (equivalent to 0.3 mg/capsule, if two capsules are dissolved in 50 mL ethanol). The relative standard deviations were consistently lower than 11%. The total statin concentrations of five red yeast rice supplements were between 1.5 and 25.2 mg per specified daily dose. A dose-dependent inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity by the red yeast rice products was demonstrated.ConclusionA simple and direct NMR assay was developed to determine the total statin content in red yeast rice. The assay can be applied for the determination of statin content for the regulatory control of red yeast rice products.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements

et al. 2012

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“…Während in der EU im Jahr 2008 durchschnittlich 24 % der Bevölkerung Waren online bestellten, war der Anteil der Internet-Käufer hierzulande mit 42 % fast doppelt so hoch. Damit liegen die Deutschen im EU-Vergleich hinter Großbritannien (49 %), Däne-mark (47 %) und den Niederlanden (43 %) auf dem vierten Rang (BITKOM 2009 (Büchter et al 2011;Löbell-Behrends et al 2011;Krewinkel et al 2011 …”

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Internethandel mit Lebensmitteln

Ruf

2011

J. Verbr. Lebensm.

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Standardless ¹H NMR determination of pharmacologically active substances in dietary supplements and medicines that have been illegally traded over the Internet

Monakhova

Kuballa

Löbell-Behrends

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Dietary supplements and medicines are widely marketed over the Internet. Such products may be counterfeited and lack some or all of the labelled ingredients, or, in the case of lifestyle supplements, illegally contain pharmacologically active substances, such as anorectic or androgenic compounds. The market control - especially in the case of customs seizures - is complex, as reference substances necessary for identification and calibration in traditional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis are often unavailable, or extremely expensive. In this study, we introduce a 400 MHz (1) H NMR methodology, which allows identification and quantitative estimation even without such pure compound standards. The identification can be based on literature spectra, or if these data are unavailable, by applying computational NMR spectra prediction. For standardless NMR determination, simple peak-area comparison of the target compound with the TSP reference was used. The applicability was demonstrated for a wide range of compounds, such as mesterolone, oxymetholone, sibutramine, monacolin K, vinpocetine, evodiamine, caffeine, kavain, and dehydroepiandrosterone. The average relative standard deviations were 5.0% for peak area comparison, and 3.3% for external calibration with standard substance. The method uncertainty is therefore higher in standardless determination, but acceptable for the purpose of proving the presence or absence of pharmacologically active substances. The limit of detection of 0.5-2 mg/kg is sufficient for the purpose. NMR is ideally suited to controlling dietary supplements or illegal medicines as it provides qualitative and at least semi-quantitative information more rapidly (measurement time 20 min) than with any other currently available spectroscopic or chromatographic method.

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Kontrolle des Internethandels mit Lebensmitteln: Abgrenzung bei Borderline-Produkten und Ansätze für effektive Kontrollstrategien

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements

NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements

Internethandel mit Lebensmitteln

Standardless ¹H NMR determination of pharmacologically active substances in dietary supplements and medicines that have been illegally traded over the Internet

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Kontrolle des Internethandels mit Lebensmitteln: Abgrenzung bei Borderline-Produkten und Ansätze für effektive Kontrollstrategien

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements

NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements

Internethandel mit Lebensmitteln

Standardless 1H NMR determination of pharmacologically active substances in dietary supplements and medicines that have been illegally traded over the Internet

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Standardless ¹H NMR determination of pharmacologically active substances in dietary supplements and medicines that have been illegally traded over the Internet