Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes

Abstract

Skin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM2.5-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM2.5-treated human keratinocyte cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed characteristics of cellular senescence, including flat and enlarged forms; however, KRG suppressed them in both cell types. Moreover, while cells exposed to PM2.5 showed a higher level of p16INK4A expression (a senescence inducer), KRG inhibited its expression. Epigenetically, KRG decreased the expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, a DNA demethylase induced by PM2.5, and increased the expression of DNA methyltransferases suppressed by PM2.5, resulting in the decreased methylation of the p16INK4A promoter region. Additionally, KRG decreased the expression of mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase, and histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) induced by PM2.5. Contrastingly, KRG increased the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a histone methyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase 1 reduced by PM2.5. Furthermore, KRG decreased TET1, MLL1, and HAT1 binding to the p16INK4A promoter, corresponding with the decreased mRNA expression of p16INK4A. These results suggest that KRG exerts protection against the PM2.5-induced senescence of skin keratinocytes via the epigenetic regulation of p16INK4A.

Red Ginseng Attenuates the Hepatic Cellular Senescence in Aged Mice

“…This connection has spurred scientific research into bioactive agents, known as senolytics, with a focus on natural food resources. Previous studies have reported the preventive effects of RG on cellular senescence in skeletal muscle, skin, and vascules [28][29][30]. However, the impact of RG on cellular senescence in the aged liver remains unclear.…”

The Variation Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition on Repeated Thermal Treatment of by-Product of the Red Ginseng Manufacturing Process

“…Ginseng, as the most popular cosmetical botanical materials, was found has better skincare activities after appropriate heat treatment [9,10]. During the evaporating process, hydrolysis, isomerization, and decarboxylation degradation reactions could occur simultaneously or solely, for instance, the major ginsenosides which is the most functional ingredients in ginseng could be converted the into rare ginsenosides , the activities are thus getting better [11].…”