Kraft black liquor as a renewable source of value-added chemicals

Pola, Lucía; Collado, Sergio; Oulego, Paula; Dı́az, Mario

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.137728

Cited by 51 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…This increase brings with it a number of threats. Pola et al [39] identified that chemical substances pose a life-threatening danger to employees in possible accidents that may occur in production facilities. According to Kumar et al [40], as a result of giving weight to chemical substances in the production of raw materials, harmful wastes may occur.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Environmental Impact for Material Production Investments Using a Novel Soft Computing Methodology

et al. 2023

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts of material production investments. The factors of Higg Materials Sustainability Index are defined as the parameters. These factors are weighted by considering T-SF TOPSIS-DEMATEL. Moreover, the items of the life cycle process are defined as alternative set for measuring the environmental effects of each process in the sustainable production investments. These alternatives are ranked with interval valued SF MAIRCA. The calculations are also made for different t, u and d values with the aim of making comparative evaluations. The main contribution of this study is that a priority analysis has been made so that the most significant indicators are defined for the companies to increase sustainability in material production investment process. Another important novelty of this paper is that a new model is created by the name of TOPSIS-DEMATEL. This situation has a positive influence on both increasing methodological originality and overcoming criticized issues of DEMATEL. The results are quite similar for all conditions, so it is understood that the proposed model provides consistent and coherent findings. It is concluded that chemistry is the most critical factor for environmental impact for material production investments. Moreover, recycle is determined as the most optimal alternative.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Environmental Impact for Material Production Investments Using a Novel Soft Computing Methodology

et al. 2023

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“…Kraft lignin, on the other hand, possesses a more refined structure when compared to alkali lignin, but it contains a large number of C−C bonds. 14 Furthermore, the incorporation of sulfurcontaining functional groups, including sulfides, thiosulfates, and sulfate ions, during the aforementioned processes leads to their covalent attachment to kraft lignin. This formation of impurities adversely impacts the stabilization and purification of lignin.…”

Section: Acquisition Strategy Of Lignin Raw Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Catalytic Cracking of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and High-Value-Added Chemicals: Advances, Challenges, Opportunities, and Outlook

Shen,

Xue,

Wang

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Nowadays and in the future, environment and energy are important issues that people have to consider. In order to achieve energy sustainability and minimize the increase in environmental pressure, researchers have begun to gradually develop new ways of energy access. Biomass resource is a sustainable and efficient mode of energy supply, which has little impact on the environment. Among them, lignin is a rich organic compound in natural plants and is a promising biomass source. According to different forms of energy, different lignin catalytic cracking reactions can be used. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of lignin catalytic cracking under different energy effects and focuses on the opportunities of lignin catalytic cracking at this stage. The challenges and future research directions of lignin catalytic cracking and directional conversion composite catalytic system are summarized and discussed. On this basis, a critical perspective based on experiment is proposed. It provides a richer catalytic model for the efficient conversion of lignin into fuel and high-value chemicals in the future. In conclusion, this Review offers insights into future directions for catalytic cracking of lignin through synergistic utilization of multiple energy sources.

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“…There are many different isolation methods for kraft black liquor [7,8]. The most common isolation method is acidification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acidification treatment of alkaline black liquors is carried Forests 2023, 14, 882 2 of 15 out at different pH levels, temperatures, times, and acid concentrations. Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are widely used [10], and there are studies in the literature that combine different acidic compounds, such as phosphoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide [8], sulfur dioxide [11], etc., for the acidification of black liquor. These variables affect lignin properties, and the lignin structure breaks down when the pH value is less than two [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Comparison of Some Kraft Lignins Isolated from Different Sources

Olgun

Ateş

2023

Forests

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Lignin characteristics are significantly affected by kraft processing and isolation conditions. In the studies carried out in this context, commercial lignins or isolated lignins from industrial black solutions are generally preferred. In this study, in order to conduct more comprehensive research, three lignin samples were isolated from kraft black liquor obtained from laboratory cooking trials of pine, poplar, and wheat straw chips, representing softwoods, hardwoods, and annual plants, respectively, according to efficient pulping studies. In addition, another lignin-containing industrial waste was provided from a pulp mill (OBL). The acidification method was applied for isolating lignin from black liquor samples. After isolating the lignin samples from different sources, they were characterized and compared with the commercially available kraft lignin sample (Indulin AT). Total phenolic groups, carboxyl groups, purity, functional groups, nitrobenzene oxidation products, molecular weight, thermal stability, and element contents were analyzed. The isolated lignin samples (except wheat straw) were as pure as commercial lignin. Since the wheat straw was agricultural waste and an annual plant, inorganic elements such as P, K, and Si were more abundant than in the other samples. However, the polydispersity and molecular weight of all of the isolated lignin samples were higher than those of commercial lignin. Because the ash contents of the lignin samples for pine, poplar, OBL, and indulin AT were between 1 and 3%, they can be used for high-value applications. In particular, despite some disadvantages, wheat straw lignin has greater potential for use in extruders than softwood lignins due to their syringyl content.

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Kraft black liquor as a renewable source of value-added chemicals

Cited by 51 publications

References 107 publications

Analysis of Environmental Impact for Material Production Investments Using a Novel Soft Computing Methodology

Analysis of Environmental Impact for Material Production Investments Using a Novel Soft Computing Methodology

Review on Catalytic Cracking of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and High-Value-Added Chemicals: Advances, Challenges, Opportunities, and Outlook

Characterization and Comparison of Some Kraft Lignins Isolated from Different Sources

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