“…In the political science debate it is unclear, for example, whether legitimacy should be measured exclusively empirically or whether it should be evaluated normatively (Patberg, 2013), whether it should be understood as a bottom-up or top-down phenomenon, or whether legitimacy is a state or a process that itself constructs legitimacy (Wiesner and Harfst, 2019). This paper connects to this theoretical and especially methodological literature on the concept of legitimacy and its measurement, especially the Patberg-Zürn debate (Zürn, 2011;Patberg, 2013;Barnickel, 2021). Wiesner and Harfst (2019) suggest that these conceptual questions and problems regarding the empirical-analytical conception of legitimacy should be triggered by clarifying the role of normative standards in the empirical study of legitimacy.…”