“Krokodil” drug - Related osteonecrosis of midface: A case series

Effectiveness of bandage in the incidence of major complications on bichectomy: literature review and case series of 643 bichectomies

“…The buccal fat pad can be considered a jack of all trades. It is useful in many facial reconstructions since its first publication in 1977 [6] due to its rich blood supply, making it attractive as a pedicled graft [2] for oncologic resections [7], oroantral communications [8,9], infraorbital and maxillary defects [10][11][12], oral submucous fibrosis [13], osteonecrosis of the jaws [14][15][16], and graft accessory [17,18] with a very high success rate [19]. Intraoral removal for esthetic purposes was first described in 1989 [20].…”

DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Heroin and Desomorphine

“…However, codeine is still available on the black market . Since its appearance in Russia, the drug quickly spread to other neighboring former Soviet republics, especially Ukraine (which had around 20 000 cases in 2011), , as well as Georgia, − Armenia, , and Kazakhstan. , The first western European country to report cases of krokodil use was Germany in 2011 . Subsequently, cases (both confirmed and suspected) have been reported in other European countries, such as France, Italy, Norway, Spain, and Poland, , with a significant part of them imported from Eastern Europe through immigrants from former Soviet republics .…”

“…Another serious health complication presented by users of krokodil is jaw osteonecrosis, whose main feature is jawbone exposure in the oral cavity. Numerous such cases have been reported recently. ,,, A possible explanation for this devastating pathology is given in van Kempen and Brand’s work . According to their study, symptoms of krokodil-associated osteonecrosis are comparable to phosphorus and bisphosphonate-induced necrosis of the jaw. , The intravenously administrated homemade drug exposes the user’s blood to a high concentration of residual phosphorus compounds, which cannot be efficiently removed by the kidneys.…”

“…178 However, codeine is still available on the black market. 195 Since its appearance in Russia, the drug quickly spread to other neighboring former Soviet republics, especially Ukraine (which had around 20 000 cases in 2011), 172,196 as well as Georgia, 197−200 Armenia, 201,202 and Kazakhstan. 172,203 The first western European country to report cases of krokodil use was Germany in 2011.…”

“…Numerous such cases have been reported recently. 201,202,204,249 A possible explanation for this devastating pathology is given in van Kempen and Brand's work. 249 According to their study, symptoms of krokodilassociated osteonecrosis are comparable to phosphorus and bisphosphonate-induced necrosis of the jaw.…”