L'indice d'aridité

Martonne, Emmanuel De

doi:10.3406/bagf.1926.6321

Cited by 158 publications

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“…We specified the mean of the gamma distribution (a × n) as a function of initial size (S , as the basal area in 2-SFI), competition (C, as the value of a competition index), mean annual temperature (T ) and mean annual precipitation (P). Other climatic predictors such as aridity indices (Dantin and Revenga, 1940;De Martonne, 1926) were first considered but they systematically rendered poorer fits to the growth models and were therefore not included in the final model. We tested different functional forms that covered a wide range of possible responses: linear, Michaelis Menten-type, power, exponential and hyperbolic.…”

Section: Model Formulation and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rank reversals in tree growth along tree size, competition and climatic gradients for four forest canopy dominant species in Central Spain

et al. 2008

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-• Interspecific differences in tree growth patterns with respect to biotic and abiotic factors are key for understanding forest structure and dynamics, and predicting potential changes under climate change.• Repeated observations from the Spanish Forest Inventory (SFI) were used to parameterize maximum likelihood estimators of tree growth as a function of tree size, competition indices and climate for Pinus pinaster, P. sylvestris, Quercus ilex and Q. pyrenaica.• Significant responses to both biotic and abiotic factors were found, with interspecific differences in species performance along competition, temperature and precipitation gradients. Q. ilex was the species most tolerant to competition while P. pinaster was the species most sensitive to climatic variation. Species relative positions shifted along gradients of these factors with rank reversals in species performance along size, competition and climatic gradients.• The results based on average growth matched previous forestry classifications and experimental studies on relative growth rate (RGR).• When examining growth along studied abiotic and biotic gradients, a mismatch was found between species performance ranks as predicted by our models and information derived from previous knowledge. Those discrepancies highlight the relevance of ontogeny and environmental heterogeneity in defining species performance along competition gradients. niche differentiation / Pinus pinaster / Pinus sylvestris / Quercus ilex / Quercus pyrenaica Résumé -Interversion de rangs dans la croissance des arbres en relation avec la taille de l'arbre, la compétition et les gradients climatiques pour quatre espèces forestières dominantes dans la canopée.• Les différences interspécifiques dans les modèles de croissance des arbres, pour ce qui concerne les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques, sont des clés pour la compréhension des structures et des dynamiques forestières, et pour prédire les changement potentiels avec le changement climatique.• Des observations répétées de l'Inventaire Forestier Espagnol (SFI) ont été utilisées pour paramétrer les estimateurs de probabilité maximum de croissance des arbres comme une fonction de la taille de l'arbre, des indices de compétition et du climat pour Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus ilex et Quercus pyrenaica.• Des réponses significatives aux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques ont été trouvées, avec des différences interspécifiques pour les performances des espèces en relation avec la compétition, les gradients de température et de précipitations. Quercus ilex a été l'espèce la plus tolérante à la compétition tandis que Pinus pinaster a été l'espèce la plus sensible aux variations climatiques. Les positions relatives des espèces ont changé en relation avec les gradients de ces facteurs avec des interversions de rang pour les performances des espèces en relation avec la taille, la compétition et les gradients climatiques.• Les résultats basés sur la moyenne de croissance sont en adéquation avec la classification forestière antér...

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Section: Model Formulation and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rank reversals in tree growth along tree size, competition and climatic gradients for four forest canopy dominant species in Central Spain

et al. 2008

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“…Also, due to the diversity and heterogeneity of the climatic descriptions made by the various authors, and to be able to compare different fir species, it seemed interesting to use De Martonne's [29] aridity index: IA = P/T + 10 where P is annual precipitation in mm and T is mean annual temperature in o C. The lower the index value, the greater the degree of drought.…”

Section: Simulation Of Climatic Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and ecophysiology of circum-Mediterranean firs in the context of climate change

2002

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-In the expected climatic change scenario (with increased temperatures and water deficits) related to greenhouse effect phenomena, questions are being raised concerning the migration of the potential range of forest specie (contraction in the south and at lower altitudes, extension towards the north and higher altitudes) and the consequences on silviculture. To answer these questions, information about climatic changes and the ecophysiology of the forest species concerned is required. In this paper the case of circum-Mediterranean firs is examined as they could be in danger in parts of their present range but could also provide valuable solutions for the replacement of other species in more northerly zones with temperate humid climates and that would not be adapted to new climatic conditions. We try to answer these questions using a simplified climatic analysis of the original ranges and knowledge about the ecology and ecophysiology of firs. In the original ranges of these species climatic data is rare and very incomplete. Under these conditions it is impossible to undertake a detailed climatological analysis. Also, taking into account the diversity and heterogeneity of the climatic descriptions made by the various authors, and so as to be able to compare the different firs species, we used an aridity index. By taking a numerical approach, this index allowed us to have a general and comparative view of the climatology of the original fir ranges in relation to drought problems, and also to simulate evolution easily and compare it with the present situations for each species. On the basis of all the different results obtained it seems that, in relation to a possible increase in drought linked to a temperature increase (except no doubt for Abies numidica and A. pinsapo), there is a great risk that the present ranges of circum-Mediterranean firs will decrease in the lowest zones of their range, but also in other zones characterized by southerly aspects and shallow soils. For Abies cephalonica and Abies cilicica, species with early bud burst, there is also the risk of a possible increase in late frost damage in addition to water stress effects. Except for A. nordmanniana and A. bornmulleriana, other species may also be concerned, but to a lesser extent. Regarding the replacement of species, which would become necessary in the case of climatic change, with the exceptions of A. nordmanniana which has already been used and of for A. nebrodensis, these firs could be an alternative to the regression of more hygrophilous species, especially in zones to the north of their present ranges.Abies / circum-Mediterranean firs / climate change / ecology / ecophysiology Résumé -Écologie et écophysiologie des sapins circum-méditerranéens dans le contexte du changement climatique. Dans un scénario de changements climatiques attendus (augmentation des températures et des déficits hydriques) liés aux phénomènes d'effet de serre, se pose la question du déplacement de l'aire potentielle des essences forestières (contraction dans...

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“…The precipitation on the 25 triplets ranged from 520 to 1175 mm, and the mean annual temperature varied from 6 to 10.5°C. Therefore, the aridity index according to de Martonne (1926), calculated as ratio of precipitation and mean temperature plus 10°, was determined to be within a range of 28-61 mm°C -1 . Stand age, soil characteristics, climate data, and site information can be found in the online supplement material of Pretzsch et al (2015).…”

Section: Experimental Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies developed such models, e.g. Schnedl (2003) for European beech and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Austria, or Döbbeler (2004) for several tree species in Germany, and Condés et al (2016) for Scots pine and European beech stands in Europe depending on the aridity index according to de Martonne (1926). These models showed considerable differences for this relationship between tree species and between mixed and monospecific stands at the same sites (Pretzsch and Biber 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species proportions by area in mixtures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

et al. 2016

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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominate many of the European forest stands. Also, mixtures of European beech and Scots pine more or less occur over all European countries, but have been scarcely investigated. The area occupied by each species is of high relevance, especially for growth evaluation and comparison of different species in mixed and monospecific stands. Thus, we studied different methods to describe species proportions and their definition as proportion by area. 25 triplets consisting of mixed and monospecific stands were established across Europe ranging from Lithuania to Spain in northern to southern direction and from Bulgaria to Belgium in eastern to western direction. On stand level, the conclusive method for estimating the species proportion as a fraction of the stand area relates the observed density (tree number or basal area) to its potential. This stand-level estimation makes use of the potential from comparable neighboring monospecific stands or from maximum density lines derived from other data, e.g. forest inventories or permanent observations plots. At tree level, the fraction of the stand area occupied by a species can be derived from the Forest Res (2017) 136:171-183 DOI 10.1007/s10342-016-1017 proportions of their crown projection area or of their leaf area. The estimates of the potentials obtained from neighboring monospecific stands, especially in older stands, were poorer than those from the maximum density line depending on the Martonne aridity index. Therefore, the stand-level method in combination with the Martonne aridity index for potential densities can be highly recommended. The species' proportions estimated with this method are best approximated by the proportions of the species' leaf areas. In forest practice, the most commonly applied method is an ocular estimation of the proportions by crown projection area. Even though the proportions of pine were calculated here by measuring crown projection areas in the field, we found this method to underestimate the proportion by 25% compared to the stand-level approach.Eur J

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L'indice d'aridité

Cited by 158 publications

References 0 publications

Rank reversals in tree growth along tree size, competition and climatic gradients for four forest canopy dominant species in Central Spain

Rank reversals in tree growth along tree size, competition and climatic gradients for four forest canopy dominant species in Central Spain

Ecology and ecophysiology of circum-Mediterranean firs in the context of climate change

Species proportions by area in mixtures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

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