L-Type Calcium Channels: Structure and Functions

Feng, Tianhua; Kalyaanamoorthy, Subha; Barakat, Khaled

doi:10.5772/intechopen.77305

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Depending on the voltage required for their activation, calcium channels are divided into low-voltage activated (T-type) channel that belong to CaV 3 family and high-voltage activated (L-type, P/Q-type, N-type, R-type) channel belonging to CaV 1 , and CaV 2 family. T-type calcium channels involves CACNA1G (CaV 3.1 ), CACNA1H (CaV 3.2 ) and CACNA1I (CaV 3.3 ) genes encoding the alpha subunit of these channels [ 29 ]. A mutational analysis in Han Chinese population of CAE patients identified the presence of 12 missense mutations in CACNA1H gene [ 30 ].…”

Section: Genetic Studies Of Common Epilepsiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Landscape of Common Epilepsies: Advancing towards Precision in Treatment

Thakran

Guin

Singh

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Epilepsy, a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, is highly heterogeneous in nature. Based on the prevalence, epilepsy is classified into two types: common and rare epilepsies. Common epilepsies affecting nearly 95% people with epilepsy, comprise generalized epilepsy which encompass idiopathic generalized epilepsy like childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizure on awakening and focal epilepsy like temporal lobe epilepsy and cryptogenic focal epilepsy. In 70% of the epilepsy cases, genetic factors are responsible either as single genetic variant in rare epilepsies or multiple genetic variants acting along with different environmental factors as in common epilepsies. Genetic testing and precision treatment have been developed for a few rare epilepsies and is lacking for common epilepsies due to their complex nature of inheritance. Precision medicine for common epilepsies require a panoramic approach that incorporates polygenic background and other non-genetic factors like microbiome, diet, age at disease onset, optimal time for treatment and other lifestyle factors which influence seizure threshold. This review aims to comprehensively present a state-of-art review of all the genes and their genetic variants that are associated with all common epilepsy subtypes. It also encompasses the basis of these genes in the epileptogenesis. Here, we discussed the current status of the common epilepsy genetics and address the clinical application so far on evidence-based markers in prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment management. In addition, we assessed the diagnostic predictability of a few genetic markers used for disease risk prediction in individuals. A combination of deeper endo-phenotyping including pharmaco-response data, electro-clinical imaging, and other clinical measurements along with genetics may be used to diagnose common epilepsies and this marks a step ahead in precision medicine in common epilepsies management.

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Section: Genetic Studies Of Common Epilepsiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Landscape of Common Epilepsies: Advancing towards Precision in Treatment

Thakran

Guin

Singh

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…The results of the studies conducted to discern the effects of electric field on nanodroplets can also find application in the modeling of liquid in ion channels and nanoporous materials. 9,10 The effect of electric field on dropletbased systems becomes significant in the electrospinning and electrospray ionization 11 process, which is pertinent in the analysis of biomolecules including nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The wetting of the droplet in presence of an electric field depends on a host of factors, which include surface−liquid interaction, presence of electrolyte in the liquid, 12,13 and surface roughness 14 apart from field strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…can also be analyzed. [9][10][11]16,36,38 The importance of nanoscale simulations should be appreciated by acknowledging the fact that the Young− Lippmann equation does not hold for a droplet having nanoscale dimensions due to its high surface-to-volume ratio and alterations in surface tension due to the alignment of the molecules at the surface in response to the electric field. 16 Therefore, MD simulations become indispensable for the analysis of the dynamics of nanodroplets on the application of electric fields of varying strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Investigation of Contact Line Movement in Electrowetted Nanodroplets

2020

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of an electrowetted nanodroplet is performed to understand the fundamental origin of the involved parameters resulted from the molecular movement in the vicinity of the three-phase contact line (TPCL). During the spreading of the droplet, contact line friction (CLF) force is found to be the controlling one among all other resistive forces. Being molecular in nature, MD study is required to unveil the CLF, which is manifested by the TPCL friction coefficient ζ. The combined effect of temperature, electric field, and surface wettability, manifested by the solid–liquid Lennard-Jones interaction parameter, is studied to explore the droplet spreading. The entire droplet wetting dynamics is divided into two different regimes, namely, spreading regime and equilibrium regime. The molecular frequency during the TPCL movement in the equilibrium regime is affected by the presence of any external perturbation and results in an alteration of ζ. The predetermined knowledge of the alteration of CLF due to the coupling effect of electric field and temperature will have a potential application towards designing electric field-inspired droplet movement devices.

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“…However, they are distinguished from L-type channels by single-channel conductivity and activation at low membrane potential. The various sensitivities to various antagonists of HVA and LVA channels demonstrate the ability of these antagonists to change the calcium conduction preference in different cells (59,60).…”

Section: Calcium Ionic Current's Function In Nerve Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Ionic Currents in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

et al. 2022

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: Various factors may result in peripheral nerve injury leading to permanent functional loss. Here, we review the role of calcium and potassium ions in peripheral nerve regeneration and repair. This narrative review of the literature collected its data by searching Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, EBSCO, Scopus, and Science Direct. Publications were searched with no particular time restriction from 1997 to 2021, including all types of study. About 100 relevant papers were found from 1997, 77 of which were selected for this study. Both beta subunits of sodium channels are expressed in peripheral neurons, and drugs that affect those channels may facilitate nerve repair. Riluzole is a sodium/glutamate antagonist which has recently entered clinical trials for spinal cord injury. Riluzole's neuroprotective effects are due to sodium channel blockade and, subsequently, the prevention of Ca2+ overflow. Besides, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is a neurotransmitter of potassium channel blockers that increases the rate of functional improvement following peripheral nerve damage by promoting remyelination. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that stimulates an endogenous anti-inflammatory response and reduces pro-inflammatory processes, thus causing pain modulation. Inhibition of ROCKs accelerate the regeneration and functional restoration after spinal-cord damage in mammals, and inhibition of the Rho/ROCK pathway has been additionally proven efficacious in animal models of stroke, inflammatory and demyelinating diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and neuropathic ache. Therefore, the neurite outgrowth of surviving neurons is necessary for nerve regeneration to reinnervate target tissue after nerve damage. One of the critical components of the damage response process is a local translation in axons, and it is critical for the regenerative outcome. On the other hand, it provides new axonal regrowth molecules and induces signals returning to the cell's soma to partake in regenerative pathways and survival.

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L-Type Calcium Channels: Structure and Functions

Cited by 15 publications

References 71 publications

Genetic Landscape of Common Epilepsies: Advancing towards Precision in Treatment

Genetic Landscape of Common Epilepsies: Advancing towards Precision in Treatment

Molecular Investigation of Contact Line Movement in Electrowetted Nanodroplets

The Role of Ionic Currents in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

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