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Huijsdens, Xander W.; Dijke, Beatrix J van; Spalburg, Emile; Santen-Verheuvel, Marga G van; Heck, Max; Pluister, Gerlinde N.; Voß, Andreas; Wannet, W J B; Neeling, Albert J. de

doi:10.1186/1476-0711-5-26

Cited by 315 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our fi nding that living or working on a farm with animals is associated with CC398 acquisition reinforces results of studies in France, the Netherlands, and Canada that indicated that CC398 is transmissible from animals to humans (3,4,6,7). Also in the Netherlands, a CC398 prevalence of 3.9% in 179 veterinarians has been de-scribed; all positive persons had recent or regular contact with pigs and cows (22).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…We provide evidence for pigs being a substantial reservoir of human MRSA CC398 in Denmark, as appears to be the case in other European countries such as the Netherlands and France (3,4,7,12), and in Canada (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Although farm and pig exposure have been postulated as risk factors after interviews with MRSA CC398 patients in other studies (4,6,7,12), no previous study has included interviews with control populations to determine if these exposures were higher than would be expected in the general population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although transmission appears to be primarily between animals, indistinguishable isolates have been found in their human contacts, particularly those with occupational exposure (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). MRSA CC398 (ST398) was fi rst detected in 4 pigs and 1 healthy pig farmer in France (3,8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MRSA CC398 consists of 8 MLST types (www.saureus.mlst.net), the predominant type being sequence type (ST)398, and a range of closely related protein A (spa) gene types (i.e., t011, t034, t108, and t1793) (4,5) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pigs as Source of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCC398 Infections in Humans, Denmark

Lewis¹,

Mølbak²,

Reese³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

243

189

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An emerging subtype of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), clonal complex (CC) 398, is associated with animals, particularly pigs. We conducted a matched case-control and a case-case study comparing 21 CC398 case-patients with 2 controls randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registry and 2 case-patients infected with MRSA other than CC398. On farms of case-patients, animals were examined for MRSA. Thirteen case-patients reported pig exposure. Living or working on farms with animals was an independent risk factor for CC398 in the casecontrol (matched odds ratio [MOR] 35.4, 95% confi dence interval [CI] 2.7-469.8) and the case-case study (MOR 14.5, 95%CI 2.7-76.7). History of hospitalization was associated with an increased risk only in the case-control study (MOR 11.4,. A total of 23 of 50 pigs on 4 of 5 farms were positive for CC398. Our results, corroborated by microbiologic testing, demonstrate that pigs are a source of CC398 in Denmark.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pigs as Source of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCC398 Infections in Humans, Denmark

Lewis¹,

Mølbak²,

Reese³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

243

189

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High-Density Livestock Operations, Crop Field Application of Manure, and Risk of Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfection in Pennsylvania

et al. 2013

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IMPORTANCE Nearly 80% of antibiotics in the United States are sold for use in livestock feeds. The manure produced by these animals contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics and is subsequently applied to crop fields, where it may put community members at risk for antibiotic-resistant infections.OBJECTIVE To assess the association between individual exposure to swine and dairy/veal industrial agriculture and risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA population-based, nested case-control study of primary care patients from a single health care system in Pennsylvania from 2005 to 2010. Incident MRSA cases were identified using electronic health records, classified as community-associated MRSA or health care-associated MRSA, and frequency matched to randomly selected controls and patients with skin and soft-tissue infection. Nutrient management plans were used to create 2 exposure variables: seasonal crop field manure application and number of livestock animals at the operation. In a substudy, we collected 200 isolates from patients stratified by location of diagnosis and proximity to livestock operations.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Community-associated MRSA, health care-associated MRSA, and skin and soft-tissue infection status (with no history of MRSA) compared with controls. RESULTSFrom a total population of 446 480 patients, 1539 community-associated MRSA, 1335 health care-associated MRSA, 2895 skin and soft-tissue infection cases, and 2914 controls were included. After adjustment for MRSA risk factors, the highest quartile of swine crop field exposure was significantly associated with community-associated MRSA, health care-associated MRSA, and skin and soft-tissue infection case status (adjusted odds ratios, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.13-1.69], 1.30 [95% CI, 1.05-1.61], and 1.37 [95% CI, 1.18-1.60], respectively); and there was a trend of increasing odds across quartiles for each outcome (P Յ .01 for trend in all comparisons). There were similar but weaker associations of swine operations with community-associated MRSA and skin and soft-tissue infection. Molecular testing of 200 isolates identified 31 unique spa types, none of which corresponded to CC398 (clonal complex 398), but some have been previously found in swine. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEProximity to swine manure application to crop fields and livestock operations each was associated with MRSA and skin and soft-tissue infection. These findings contribute to the growing concern about the potential public health impacts of high-density livestock production.

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Staphylococci in Human Disease

Crossley

Jefferson

Archer

et al. 2009

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Abstract: Background: Sporadic cases of CA-MRSA in persons without risk-factors for MRSA carriage are increasing.

Cited by 315 publications

References 20 publications

Pigs as Source of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCC398 Infections in Humans, Denmark

Pigs as Source of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCC398 Infections in Humans, Denmark

High-Density Livestock Operations, Crop Field Application of Manure, and Risk of Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfection in Pennsylvania

Staphylococci in Human Disease

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