In recent years, there has been great excitement about new forms of citizen participation, such as citizens’ assemblies or deliberative polls that involve ordinary citizens in political decision-making. Many see these innovations as the best solution to the current crisis of democracy. The most radical among them propose replacing elections with the random selection of ordinary citizens, transforming electoral democracy into a lottocracy. These developments are driven by a lottocratic mentality that is deeply transforming our understanding of democracy, political equality, representation, freedom, and much more. This mentality is catching on in public debates, inspiring the organization of citizens’ assemblies worldwide, and bridging democratic and nondemocratic regimes in the vision of a unified global order based on problem-solving allotted assemblies, free from electoral competition. The lottocratic mentality is the focus of this book. Our analysis shows that it amounts to a worrisome form of technopopulism that justifies conferring legislative power on randomly selected assemblies based on a mixture of populist and technocratic grounds. The lottocratic mentality legitimizes the antidemocratic idea that the many should be “ruled” by “the few” chosen by chance. Against this view, we show how lottery-based institutions could be used with the democratic aim of empowering the citizenry but only if the lottocratic mentality is rejected.