La diplomacia de defensa de España en Iberoamérica: ¿una estrategia de poder blando?

Bueno, Alberto; Cosme, Mario J. Gallego

doi:10.17502/mrcs.v9i1.435

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This article's starting hypothesis is that these three Spanish elites, politician, military officers, and defence industry managers have not incorporated this innovative mindset of new diplomatic practices. The case study also reinforces the exploratory nature of the hypothesis, as there are few empirical studies analysing this practice and policy in Spain (Bueno & Gallego-Cosme, 2021). To tackle this, a qualitative methodology was developed, which employed three research techniques.…”

Section: Methodological Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The modernisation process of the Spanish Armed Forces after the democratic transition has been characterised in its external dimension by the internationalisation of its tasks and missions. Its bilateral relations with Latin America, participation in operations within the framework of security sector reform, and deployment of units abroad can be comprehended as part of a defence diplomacy practice, including the Defence Diplomacy Plan (PDD, for its initials in Spanish) published in 2011 by the Spanish Ministry of Defence (IEEE, 2016; Bartolomé, 2017;Bueno & Gallego-Cosme, 2021).…”

Section: Methodological Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the 2008 and 2020 directives were issued under social democratic governments, while the 2012 directive was issued under a conservative one. Spain seems to have developed more of a toolbox for a defence diplomacy policy than a doctrinal reflection on the matter (Bueno & Gallego-Cosme, 2021).…”

Section: An Almost Neglected "Toolbox" In the Spanish Strategic Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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(Mis)Understandings of defence diplomacy as public diplomacy: Insights from three Spanish elites

Bueno

2023

Communication & Society

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Defence diplomacy and public diplomacy are two diplomatic practices often treated in the literature as two disconnected realms. While the former focuses on the peaceful and cooperative use of armed forces, the latter emphasizes on the advancement of strategic communication in the international policy of actors. However, it is possible to bridge the differences between the two using the concept of soft power. By doing so, defence public diplomacy can be understood as a set of practices developed by states seeking to influence and attract third states while employing military force within these parameters. This paper contributes firstly to the conceptual debate bridging both types of diplomacies. Secondly, it selects a case study, Spain, to examine the perceptions of three different Spanish elites involved in the formulation and implementation of defence public policy: politicians, the military and defence industry managers. This paper adopts a qualitative methodology, including in-depth interviews, focus groups with experts, and manual content analysis of primary documentary sources. The results show that these elites agree on the importance of defence diplomacy for the achievement of state goals but continue to understand it fundamentally from a classical diplomatic prism. They also discuss the inclusion of new concepts, such as deterrence, as part of a defence public diplomacy.

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Section: Methodological Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodological Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Almost Neglected "Toolbox" In the Spanish Strategic Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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(Mis)Understandings of defence diplomacy as public diplomacy: Insights from three Spanish elites

Bueno

2023

Communication & Society

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“…For this reason, the UME has also been used as a tool for the Spanish defense diplomacy (César Bartolomé, 2017). This policy is part of Spain's soft power approach and has been explicitly aimed to have an impact on relations between Spain and Latin America (Bueno & Gallego-Cosme, 2021).…”

Section: The Spanish Emergency Military Unit: a "Wildcard" For Milita...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Militarization of Emergencies: Is the Spanish Model an Example to Be Followed by the Multitasking Armies of Latin America?

Martínez

Bueno

2023

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political

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The role of the armed forces in Latin America is characterized by their participation in multiple internal missions. These range from security functions to the provision of social, educational, and public services, among others; their role also involves providing emergency relief. However, some of the armed forces involved in this type of mission do not have specialized units or corps. This poses obvious problems not only from a technical and operational point of view, but also from the perspective of civil-military relations and the definition of the roles of armies. Some Latin American countries have looked to the Emergency Military Unit in Spain as an example to follow for the implementation of a civil defense model based on specialized military resources. The aim of this paper is therefore twofold. First, it seeks to explain that the militarization of emergencies does not involve expanding the use of force but that it can become a “wildcard” policy tool instead. Second, it intends to show how the apparent success of the Spanish Emergency Military Unit resulted from some—not always positive—lessons that can be replicated in the armed forces in Latin America.

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Defence Diplomacy in Argentina: Finding New Roles for the Military in Democracy

Oelsner,

Solmirano,

Tasselkraut

2024

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political

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Following the return to democracy in Argentina, the definition of new roles and missions for the armed forces became imperative in order to establish civilian authority over the military and contribute to the consolidation of the democratic regime. After seven years of military dictatorship (1976–1983), the transformation of repressive and war-prone armed forces into law-abiding and peaceful ones was needed to achieve three key political goals: To strengthen the newly restored yet weak rule of law, to rebuild the country’s battered international image, and to help professionalise an ill-reputed military. This article argues that since the return to democracy in 1983, successive governments have pursued these goals by linking issues traditionally falling within the military and security realm to the country’s external agenda. Building upon the defence diplomacy literature – that is, the use of defence and military cooperation as a diplomatic tool – the article develops a conceptual framework to apply to the Argentine case, focussing on how defence diplomacy is developed in three stages which we conceptualise as inward-looking, outward-looking, and symmetrical military-to-military relations. Overall, we contend that defence diplomacy – though still a recent and weakly systematised concept in the field – is a useful tool which should be taken into account when analysing the democratic transitions and the pursued civilian control over the armed forces in Global South countries like Argentina.

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La diplomacia de defensa de España en Iberoamérica: ¿una estrategia de poder blando?

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

(Mis)Understandings of defence diplomacy as public diplomacy: Insights from three Spanish elites

(Mis)Understandings of defence diplomacy as public diplomacy: Insights from three Spanish elites

The Militarization of Emergencies: Is the Spanish Model an Example to Be Followed by the Multitasking Armies of Latin America?

Defence Diplomacy in Argentina: Finding New Roles for the Military in Democracy

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