La expansión del cultivo de la soja en Campeche, México: Problemática y perspectivas

Abstract

La expansión del cultivo de la soja en Campeche, México: Problemática y perspectivas Resumen. La soja es el grano en el que mayor dependencia alimentaria tiene México, por lo que a partir de 2008 el gobierno ha promovido su cultivo, otorgando relevantes subsidios, tanto a productores como a compradores del grano, contribuyendo así a un reciente proceso de expansión en ciertos estados, como ocurre en Campeche. Este artículo tiene como objetivo el análisis de las características y efectos de dichos apoyos, así como del resto de factores que hasta hoy han llevado a los productores del mencionado estado a iniciar o expandir el cultivo de la soja. Los hallazgos de la investigación revelan que si bien los productores han mejorado sus niveles de ingreso, el proceso es vulnerable, al depender de variables como los apoyos gubernamentales, los precios internacionales de la soja y el tipo de cambio. Aunque el estudio de los efectos negativos de la soja genéticamente manipulada (GM) en otros ámbitos (medio ambiente, biodiversidad, deforestación, salud humana y animal) no es el objetivo de la presente investigación, se proporciona información al respecto, al igual que sobre el conflicto existente entre los productores de dicha soja y los apicultores del estado de Campeche. Palabras clave: Soja; subsidios; estrategias de supervivencia; Campeche; México.[en] The expansion of soybean cultivation in Campeche, México: Problematic and perspectives Abstract. The soybean is the grain in which greater food dependency has Mexico, reason why as of 2008, the government has promoted his culture, granting excellent subsidies, as much to producers as to buyers of the grain, thus contributing to a recent process of expansion in certain states, as it happens in Campeche. The objetive of this article is the analysis of the characteristics and effects of those supports, as well as of the rest of factors that until today they have taken to the producers of the mentioned state to initiate or to expand the cultivation of the soybean. The findings of the investigation reveal that although the producers have improved their levels of income, the process is vulnerable, as it depends on variables like the governmental supports, the international prices of the soybean and exchange rate. Although the study of the negative effects of genetically modified soybeans (GM) in other areas (environment, biodiversity, deforestation, human and animal health) is not the purpose of this investigation, some information will be provided, as on the conflict between soybean producers and beekeepers in the state of Campeche. Key words: Soybeans; subsidies; surviving strategies; Campeche; Mexico. [fr] L'Expansion de la Culture du Soja en Campèche, le Mexique: Problématique et Perspectives Résumé. Le soja est le grain dans lequel une plus grande dépendance alimentaire a le Mexique, ce pourquoi à partir de 2008, le gouvernement a promu sa culture, en accordant des subventions significatives, tant à des producteurs comme à des acheteurs du grain, contribuant ainsi à un réce...

Glyphosate Residues in Groundwater, Drinking Water and Urine of Subsistence Farmers from Intensive Agriculture Localities: A Survey in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico

“…The presence of glyphosate found in the groundwater samples in this study can be associated with sampling sites in proximity to glyphosate-resistant soybean fields, because it is documented that the Hopelchén municipality is one of the main soybean producers in the State of Campeche [ 3 , 6 ]. High glyphosate concentrations in groundwater near glyphosate-resistant soybean fields have also been documented in other studies [ 12 , 51 , 52 ].…”

“…According to current federal figures, the harvested areas and annual production have been growing from 2013–2014. Soybean cultivation doubled (29,200 hectares), with the Hopelchén municipality serving as the main soybean producer in the state [ 3 ]. Ninety percent of the soybean crop produced in Hopelchén comes from commercial and industrial producers, while the remaining percentage comes from subsistence farmers (Agricultural producers under the slash and burn model, mainly for self-consumption) [ 4 ].…”

Agricultural intensification increases farmers' income but reduces food self‐sufficiency and bee diversity: Evidence from southeast Mexico

“…Subsequently, the federal government's permission given to Monsanto in 2012 to commercialize genetically modified soybeans allowed for the rapid expansion of large-scale monocultures in the Hopelchén flat lands. As a result of these important changes, Hopelchén went from planting less than 1000 ha of soybeans in 2003 to 14,000 ha in 2015 (Huacuja, 2016).…”

“…Beekeeping in Hopelchén, as in the entire Yucatán Peninsula, depends on the flora of the jungle (Porter-Bolland et al, 2009). Fourteen percent of the local population are Mennonites who have immigrated from northern Mexican states in search of land to settle (Huacuja, 2016). They are an important segment of the Hopelchén economy, planting large areas of commercial crops with high levels of inputs, especially for soybeans (Huacuja, 2016).…”

La Nueva Política Agrícola en México Y Los Pequeños Productores De Maíz De La Península De Yucatán (2019-2021)

“…Además de dicho programa, a partir de 2008, los productores y compradores de soja de la península empezaron a recibir subsidios del programa Agricultura por Contrato (AXC), el cual les protegía de los riesgos de mercado (fluctuaciones de los precios internacionales). Para ello, el gobierno cubría un porcentaje del costo de acceder a dicha protección ("primas"), habiendo sido los principales beneficiarios los productores menonitas de Campeche y dos grandes firmas productoras de soja (ECHÁNOVE, 2020(ECHÁNOVE, , 2016. El programa de AXC también subsidió a los grandes y medianos productores de maíz de la península, pero en mucho menor medida que a los de soja.…”