“…Its presence on alterations from bursting or loss of material (such as splintering, crumbling, or loss of components or matrix) indicates that it is due to wear and not to a production action (Figure 7e). In the case of the tenon heads the glossy aspect could have been produced by the deposit of human skin oils on the surface of the rock, which is well described for structures and sculptures in museums without perimeter guards (Esbert et al 1997; Verges-Belmin 2008). Its location on the frontal and upper parts of the tenon heads reinforces the idea of an effect produced within the museum.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…This relation develops a sector of tension, which is the zone in which the opposing forces converge (head-tenon inflection). It is over these sectors of tension that hair cracks, striations, fissures, and eventually material collapse develop (Alonso et al 2006; Esbert et al 1997; Esbert et al 2008). FIGURE 10.Scheme of the main factors involved in the tension sector of the tenon heads and an equation of the potential relation among them.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The observation records were digitalized in a database that allowed statistical analysis. Specific aspects of given technology were consulted in the complementary bibliography (Alonso et al 2006; Carta et al 2005; Casarino and Pittaluga 2001; De la Puente Crespo and Rodríguez 2004; Esbert 2007; Esbert et al 1997; Esbert et al 2008; Favero-Longo et al 2005; Fernandez 2008; Fitzner 2002, 2004; Fitzner and Heinrichs 2001; Fitzner et al 2002a, 2002b, 2003; Hu et al 2013; Kumar and Kumar 1999; Lisci et al 2003; Veniale et al 2008; Warscheid and Braams 2000).…”
The study of the stone sculpture production process is subject to the preservation and visibility of tool traces and surface finishes. In this article it is proposed that the parameters developed in conservation for the diagnosis of surface stone alteration processes can be used as descriptors to isolate the attributes of postproduction conditions and their influence on variation in the appearance of stonework traces. It shows how the application to a case study served to determine the alterations that contribute to the deterioration of carving traces, the selection of the best-preserved areas for recording, and the retrieval of information for increasing the sample number. The results of fracturing patterns caused by a stress sector in the sculpture body are shown. Certain sets of alterations occurred together, either affecting the integrity of the carving groove or increasing the texturing finish of the polished surface.
“…Its presence on alterations from bursting or loss of material (such as splintering, crumbling, or loss of components or matrix) indicates that it is due to wear and not to a production action (Figure 7e). In the case of the tenon heads the glossy aspect could have been produced by the deposit of human skin oils on the surface of the rock, which is well described for structures and sculptures in museums without perimeter guards (Esbert et al 1997; Verges-Belmin 2008). Its location on the frontal and upper parts of the tenon heads reinforces the idea of an effect produced within the museum.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…This relation develops a sector of tension, which is the zone in which the opposing forces converge (head-tenon inflection). It is over these sectors of tension that hair cracks, striations, fissures, and eventually material collapse develop (Alonso et al 2006; Esbert et al 1997; Esbert et al 2008). FIGURE 10.Scheme of the main factors involved in the tension sector of the tenon heads and an equation of the potential relation among them.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The observation records were digitalized in a database that allowed statistical analysis. Specific aspects of given technology were consulted in the complementary bibliography (Alonso et al 2006; Carta et al 2005; Casarino and Pittaluga 2001; De la Puente Crespo and Rodríguez 2004; Esbert 2007; Esbert et al 1997; Esbert et al 2008; Favero-Longo et al 2005; Fernandez 2008; Fitzner 2002, 2004; Fitzner and Heinrichs 2001; Fitzner et al 2002a, 2002b, 2003; Hu et al 2013; Kumar and Kumar 1999; Lisci et al 2003; Veniale et al 2008; Warscheid and Braams 2000).…”
The study of the stone sculpture production process is subject to the preservation and visibility of tool traces and surface finishes. In this article it is proposed that the parameters developed in conservation for the diagnosis of surface stone alteration processes can be used as descriptors to isolate the attributes of postproduction conditions and their influence on variation in the appearance of stonework traces. It shows how the application to a case study served to determine the alterations that contribute to the deterioration of carving traces, the selection of the best-preserved areas for recording, and the retrieval of information for increasing the sample number. The results of fracturing patterns caused by a stress sector in the sculpture body are shown. Certain sets of alterations occurred together, either affecting the integrity of the carving groove or increasing the texturing finish of the polished surface.
“…Chemical degradation of mortars takes place mainly due to hydrolysis, hydration or oxidation processes. Volume increase within the pores, by such processes as crystallization of water into ice or swelling of some clay minerals, leads to physical degradation of the material [20]. Furthermore, water can incorporate dissolved salts into the material that may crystallize after water evaporation, as well as gaseous species such as CO 2 that can dissolve the calcareous materials under specific conditions [21].…”
Archaeological lime mortars from the Tower Keep and West perimeter wall of Irulegi Castle (Navarre, Spain) were analysed to determine susceptibility to deterioration. Chemical, mineralogical, textural and physical characterisation was performed by different tests and multianalysis techniques in order to determine the intrinsic features of the original historical mortars at the castle. Samples from the Tower Keep are more prone to deteriorate compared with the West perimeter wall due to high water absorption capacity and high porosity. A high degree of pore interconnection, high desorption index and the presence of high pore volume in the 0.01 to 1 µm size range affect the mortar durability since pores retain water longer inside the mortar. Local environment conditions with persistent annual rainfall, high humidity and temperature variations contribute to the decay process of the original mortar. Characterisation of historical mortars not only allows better understanding of susceptibility to deterioration but also helps the design of compatible and durable repair mortar for future interventions on historical heritage. Compatibility of new materials with the historical mortar will be ensured by studying mortar characteristics and properties.
“…At this point we would like to highlight why so much importance should be given to the accuracy of water absorption measurements: it is well known that water is a key ingredient for a variety of stone deterioration processes [21-24], whose discussion goes well beyond the aim of this paper; all these processes are bound to porosity and this latter can roughly be evaluated by computing the coefficient of water absorption, as described in NORMAL 07-81 [18]. If indeed the measurement procedure of water absorption by full immersion can be improved, it can become the cheapest, simplest and user-friendly alternative to Hg porosimetry and BET because in the field of Cultural Heritage porosity measurements are mainly used to test the efficiency of protective coatings and similar by measuring a porosity variation; so, the apparent and real volumes, the total porosity and all the other parameters that can be obtained though more sophisticated techniques are rarely of practical interest.…”
BackgroundItalian technical normative in the field of cultural heritage is often considered insufficient or not suitable in practise, therefore efforts are necessary to design new and/or improve already existing ones.ResultsIn this paper an alternative analytical procedure for the determination of water absorption (by full immersion) by stone material, described in the NORMAL 07-81 document, is proposed. Improvements concern methods accuracy and reduction of sample size; further also density data is obtained.ConclusionsThe new procedure was applied on three different marble samples and outcomes are encouraging, but further testing is running to better understand to what extent sample size can be reduced without worsening accuracy of results, taking into account that stone is a very heterogeneous material.
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