“…But with the global shift in power from Asia to Europe (Plys, 2013), Islamicate poetry became associated instead with political resistance against the state. Resistance poetry played a role in national independence movements, for example in Bangladesh (Ahmed 2014), Algeria (Chaker, 1989;Hornedo, 2012), Tunisia (Khayati, 1989), the Sahara (Pico´n et al, 2015), Iraq (Jones, 2014), Somalia (Hassan et al, 1995), Zanzibar (Mulokozi, 1975), and Mozambique (Searle, 1982); in anti-colonial resistance movements, especially in Palestine (Alshaer, 2009;Ashrawi, 1978;Canova, 1971;Elmessiri, 1981;Maira and Shihade, 2012;Sulaiman, 1984) and Kashmir (Ali, 2012;Kak, 2013;Kaul, 2017); and in postcolonial movements to restore democracy, for example in Nigeria (Oku`noye`, 2011) and Uzbekistan (Kendizior, 2007). In the context of these anti-state movements, poetry was employed to build solidarity within anti-authoritarian resistance movements by making it known that a sentiment of opposition against the state was widespread and growing.…”