“…These entities date back to the first regional initiatives for local and economic development of the 1980s, which in the 1990s led to the first local employment initiatives, mainly organised by the city councils (Alburquerque, 2002;Vázquez Barquero, 1993). Currently, LES implement at the local level a large part of the active labour market policies in Spain, with varying levels of effectiveness (Lope Peña, 2013;Vallecillo Gámez, 2017). Their role is different from that of Public Employment Services, where unemployed people must register to receive unemployment benefit.…”