Laboratory measurement of surface temperature fluctuations induced by small amplitude surface Waves

Chang, Jing; Wagner, Richard N.

doi:10.1029/jc080i018p02677

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Attempts to repeat these experiments demonstrated the difficulties in correcting for the reflective component (1 -E)NR in Equation (3) since water reflectivity is a strong function of angle (Reid, see Witting, 1972). Chang and Wagner (1975), however, claimed to have overcome this problem and to have verified Witting's linear theory. They showed temperature fluctuations occurring with the same frequency as that of the waves.…”

Section: Wave Mm3ctsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The aqueous thermal boundary layer

Katsaros

1980

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

113

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This article reviews the available data, measurement techniques, and present understanding of the millimeter thick aqueous thermal boundary layer. A temperature difference between the surface and lower strata, AT, of the order of a few tenths to -1 "C have been observed. Techniques ranging from miniature mercury thermometers and electrical point sensors to optical interferometry and infrared radiometry have been employed. Many processes influence the temperature structure in this thin boundary layer. Among them are: the net upward heat flux due to evaporation and sensible heat transfer; infrared and solar radiation; and the turbulence near the interface due to wind mixing, wave breaking and current shear. Presence of solute and surface-active materials stimulate or dampen these mixing processes thereby influencing boundary-layer thickness and temperature structure.

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Section: Wave Mm3ctsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The aqueous thermal boundary layer

Katsaros

1980

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

113

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“…Thus, temperature modulation due to breaking can be observed because T skin inside the breaking wake area is different from T skin outside the area. Modulation of T skin by swell waves has been observed in the ocean [3], [4] and in the laboratory [5], [6]. In the ocean, Jessup and Hesany [4] (hereafter JH) found that the magnitude of the T skin modulation was of the same order as the bulk-skin temperature difference ∆T = T bulk − T skin and that the maximum T skin occurred on the forward face of the swell crest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infrared Signatures of Microbreaking Wave Modulation

Branch

Jessup

2007

IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett.

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Infrared (IR) imagery of microbreaking waves in the ocean and laboratory showed modulation of breaking by swell and paddle-generated waves, respectively. Skin temperature T skin also was modulated by the long waves, with the T skin maxima occurring on the rear face of the long waves in both the laboratory and the field. The IR imagery from the ocean and laboratory showed that long-wave-induced microbreaking occurred at or near the long wave crest, and the resulting warm wakes occurred on the rear face. Thus, microbreaking waves generated near the crest of low-amplitude long waves can produce T skin modulation with the maxima on the rear face. This mechanism was shown to be responsible for modulation of the T skin measured in the laboratory and also likely contributed to the T skin modulation observed in the field.

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“…The theoretical work of O'Brien (1967) and Witting (1971Witting ( , 1972 motivated experimental laboratory work by Chang and Wagner (1975), who measured the magnitude of the surface temperature fluctuation induced by surface waves and found it was related to the magnitude of the heat flux. Later, Miller and Street (1978) found results in agreement with Witting's work for low wind speed, but observed departures from the theory at higher wind speeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Wave-Coherent Air–Sea Heat Flux

Véron

Melville

Lenain

2008

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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Air-sea fluxes of heat and momentum play a crucial role in weather, climate, and the coupled general circulation of the oceans and atmosphere. Much progress has been made to quantify momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean for a wide range of wind and wave conditions. Yet, despite the fact that global heat budgets are now at the forefront of current research in atmospheric, oceanographic, and climate problems and despite the good research progress in recent years, much remains to be done to better understand and quantify air-sea heat transfer. It is well known that ocean-surface waves may support momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean, but the role of the waves in heat transfer has been ambiguous and poorly understood. Here, evidence is presented that there are surface wave-coherent components of both the sensible and the latent heat fluxes. Presented here are data from three field experiments that show modulations of temperature and humidity at the surface and at 10-14 m above the surface, which are coherent with the surface wave field. The authors show that the phase relationship between temperature and surface displacement is a function of wind speed. At a 10-12-m elevation, a wave-coherent heat transfer of O(1) W m Ϫ2 is found, dominated by the latent heat transfer, as well as wave-coherent fractional contributions to the total heat flux (the sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes) of up to 7%. For the wind speeds and wave conditions of these experiments, which encompass the range of global averages, this wave contribution to total heat flux is comparable in magnitude to the atmospheric heat fluxes commonly attributed to the effects of greenhouse gases or aerosols. By analogy with momentum transfer, the authors expect the wave-coherent heat transfer to decay with height over scales on the order of k Ϫ1 , where k is the characteristic surface wavenumber; therefore, it is also expected that measurements at elevations of O(10) m may underestimate the contribution of the wave-induced heat flux to the atmosphere.

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Laboratory measurement of surface temperature fluctuations induced by small amplitude surface Waves

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

The aqueous thermal boundary layer

The aqueous thermal boundary layer

Infrared Signatures of Microbreaking Wave Modulation

Wave-Coherent Air–Sea Heat Flux

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