Laboratory Studies of Evaporation and Energy Transfer Through a Wavy Air-Water Interface

Mangarella, Peter A.; Chambers, A. J.; Street, Robert L.; Hsu, En Yun

doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1973)003<0093:lsoeae>2.0.co;2

Cited by 37 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Liu et al (1979) estimated G 9.3 on the basis of NMl data reported by Mangarella et al (1973) for flow over wind waves. Since snow or sea ice % surfaces are less compliant than water, this value of G may not be appropriate.…”

Section: %mentioning

confidence: 99%

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

Andreas

1987

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

364

375

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Section: %mentioning

confidence: 99%

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

Andreas

1987

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

364

375

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“…(2) Over water, the spectra of temperature and humidity are alike (Phelps and Pond, 1971). (3) In laboratory experiments over water when waves are not breaking and generating vapor mechanically, Stanton numbers (St = NRL'P-') for latent and sensible heat fluxes are nearly the same (Mangarella et al, 1973). (4) The relation reported by Coantic and Favre (1974) for latent heat flux (Equation (4.6)) is suggestively like our relation for sensible heat (Equation (4.5)).…”

Section: The Latent Heat Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

The turbulent heat flux from arctic leads

Andreas

Paulson

William

et al. 1979

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

150

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The turbulent transfer of heat from Arctic leads in winter is one of the largest terms in the Arctic heat budget. Results from the AIDJEX Lead Experiment (ALEX) suggest that the sensible component of this turbulent heat flux can be predicted from bulk quantities. Both the exponential relation N = 0.14R:' 72 and the linear relation N = 1.6 x lO-'R, + 1400 fit our data well. In these, N is the Nusselt number formed with the integrated surface heat flux, and R, is the Reynolds number based on fetch across the lead. Because of the similarity between heat and moisture transfer, these equations also predict the latent heat flux. Over leads in winter, the sensible heat flux is two to four times larger than the latent heat flux.The internal boundary layer (IBL) that develops when cold air encounters the relatively warm lead is most evident in the modified downwind temperature profiles. The height of this boundary layer, S, depends on the fetch, x, on the surface roughness of the lead, zO, and on both downwind and upwind stability. A tentative, empirical model for boundary layer growth iswhere L is the Obukhov length based on the values of the momentum and sensible heat fluxes at the surface of the lead, and p is a constant reflecting upwind stability. Velocity profiles over leads are also affected by the surface nonhomogeneity. Besides being warmer than the upwind ice, the surface of the lead is usually somewhat rougher. The velocity profiles therefore tend to decelerate near the surface, accelerate in the mid-region of the IBL because of the intense mixing driven by the upward heat flux, and rejoin the upwind profiles above the boundary layer. The profiles thus have distinctly different shapes for stable and unstable upwind conditions.

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“…In addition, for chosen values of friction velocity, the sublayers for the three variables handled undergo discontinuous regime changes, from smooth to rough, and into ''rough with spray'', as suggested by experimental data of Mangarella et al (1973). When switching from smooth to the rough regime the sublayer for momentum is removed, while the thicknesses of the sublayers for the sensible and the latent heat fluxes are reduced to one-third of their smooth regime values.…”

Section: Molecular Sublayer Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The parameterization is a constant-gradient approximation of the relations of Liu et al (1979, LKB later on), with parameters based on the experimental data of Mangarella et al (1973). Subsequent to the description of the scheme by Janjic (1994) it was, however, noticed that what was considered to be a free parameter of the scheme can in fact, for momentum transfer, be specified according to data compiled by Brutsaert (1982).…”

Section: Molecular Sublayer Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

An upgraded version of the Eta model

Mesinger

Chou

Gomes

et al. 2012

Meteorol Atmos Phys

148

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Upgrades implemented over a number of years in an open source version of the Eta model, posted at the CPTEC web site http://etamodel.cptec.inpe.br/, are summarized and examples of benefits are shown. The version originates from the NCEP's Workstation Eta code posted on the NCEP web site http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/ mmb/wrkstn_eta, which differs from the NCEP's latest operational Eta by having the WRF-NMM nonhydrostatic option included. Most of the upgrades made resulted from attention paid to less than satisfactory performance noted in several Eta results, and identification of the reasons for the problem. Others came from simple expectation that including a feature that is physically justified but is missing in the code should help. The most notable of the upgrades are the introduction of the so-called sloping steps, or discretized shaved cells topography; piecewise-linear finitevolume vertical advection of dynamic variables; vapor and hydrometeor loading in the hydrostatic equation, and changes aimed at refining the convection schemes available in the Eta. Several other modifications have to do with the calculation of exchange coefficients, conservation in the vertical diffusion, and diagnostic calculation of 10-m winds. Several examples showing improved performance resulting from the dynamics changes are given. One includes a case of unrealistically low temperatures in several mountain basins generated by a centered vertical advection difference scheme's unphysical advection from below ground, removed by its replacement with a finitevolume scheme. Another is that of increased katabatic winds in the Terra Nova Bay Antarctica region. Successful forecast of the severe downslope zonda wind case in the lee of the highest peaks of the Andes is also shown, and some of the recent successful verification results of the use of the upgraded model are pointed out. The code is used at numerous places, and along with setup information it is available for outside users at the CPTEC Eta web site given above.

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Laboratory Studies of Evaporation and Energy Transfer Through a Wavy Air-Water Interface

Cited by 37 publications

References 0 publications

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice

The turbulent heat flux from arctic leads

An upgraded version of the Eta model

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