Lack of Adaptation to Repeated Emotional Stress Evoked by Isolation of Sheep from the Flock*

Niezgoda, J.; Wrońska, Danuta; Pierzchała, Krystyna; Bobek, Samo; Kahl, S.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00340.x

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Moreover, isolation of goats from their social group causes a greater elevation of cortisol concentrations if the animals are not able to maintain visual contact with other animals [17]. Several authors have also shown no habituation of sheep to isolation on the basis of cortisol concentrations [26,31]. Therefore, in our experiment, the goats might have been able to adapt to transportation but not to isolation.…”

Section: Control (N = 23) Trans (N = 21) Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 71%

Physiological effects of repeated transport in pregnant goats and their offspring

et al. 2003

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-Although pregnant farm animals can encounter different stressors on numerous occasions, studies on the physiological effects of repeated stress during gestation on females and their offspring are quite recent and still scarce. The present experiment was performed to study the effects of repeated transportations on some physiological parameters in pregnant goats and to determine whether repeated exposure to prenatal stress resulted in alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis and the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) system of their offspring. Twenty-six goats were assigned to one of two treatments during the last five weeks of gestation: 9 series of 55 min of transport (n = 13) or no transport (n = 13). During transport, the goats were physically and visually isolated from their congeners. Transport in isolation induced a large increase in plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids, which confirms that it is a very stressful situation for goats. Moreover, the goats did not become accustomed to the stressor. Gestation length, birth weight, litter weight and growth of the kids were not modified by treatment. Cortisol concentrations tended to be higher in prenatally stressed kids than in control kids 1 h after birth (P < 0.10) and the opposite was observed at 48 h of age (P < 0.10). Indeed, the decrease in cortisol concentrations between 1 and 48 h was greater in prenatally stressed kids than in control kids (time × treatment interaction, P < 0.01). The effect of prenatal stress on the HPA axis did not persist, since in older kids cortisol concentrations were not modified by treatment. At one month of age, prenatally stressed kids showed a higher medulla weight (P < 0.05) and tended to show a higher phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase activity (P < 0.10) than control kids. Therefore, repeated transport in isolation is an important stressor in pregnant goats and can affect the HPA axis and the SAM system of their offspring. Résumé -Effets physiologiques de transports répétés pendant la gestation chez la chèvre et le jeune chevreau. Alors que les animaux d'élevage rencontrent fréquemment des agents stressants pendant leur gestation, ce sujet a reçu peu d'attention. Nous avons étudié les effets de transports répé-tés sur certains paramètres physiologiques de chèvres gestantes et tenté de déterminer si l'exposition répétée à un stress prénatal entraîne des altérations de l'axe corticotrope et du système catécholami-nergique de leurs chevreaux. Vingt-six chèvres ont été réparties dans deux traitements pendant les 5 dernières semaines de gestation : 9 transports de 55 min en étant physiquement et visuellement isolées de leurs congénères (n = 13) ou absence de transport (n = 13). Le transport en isolement a induit une augmentation importante des concentrations plasmatiques en cortisol, glucose et acides gras non-estérifiés, ce qui confirme que c'est un agent stressant important pour la chèvre. De plus, les chè-vres ne se sont pas habituées au traitement. L...

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Section: Control (N = 23) Trans (N = 21) Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 71%

Physiological effects of repeated transport in pregnant goats and their offspring

et al. 2003

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“…The increased level of cortisol might be attributed to the stimulation of hypophysis pituitary axis (HPA) by restraining and handling of animals for epidural injection and recording of parameters. Restraining, handling and even isolation has been reported to cause hypercortisolaemia in lambs (Minto and Blecha, 1990) and ewes (Niezoda et al., 1987). In groups A and C, the nearly equal amount of increase in cortisol concentration indicates that ketamine did not enhance stress, as induced by xylazine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylazine, Ketamine and their Combination for Lumbar Epidural Analgesia in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)

Singh¹,

Pratap²,

Kinjavdekar³

et al. 2006

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylazine individually (0.05 mg/kg), ketamine individually (2.5 mg/kg), and a combination of xylazine and ketamine (0.05 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg) after lumbar epidural administration in water buffalo calves. Fifteen non-descript, male water buffalo calves of 6-8 months of age weighing between 55 and 75 kg were randomly placed in three groups (groups A, B and C). The agents were administered at the first lumbar epidural space. Clinico-physiological parameters, such as analgesia, ataxia, sedation, salivation, heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were studied. Other haematological and biochemical parameters monitored were haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, plasma glucose, cortisol, protein albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanineamino transferase (ALT), sodium, potassium and chloride. The onset of analgesia (mean +/- SEM) was faster in group C (3.2 +/- 0.20 min) compared with that of group B (4.6 +/- 0.22 min) and group A (34.0 +/- 1.86 min). Analgesia of the thorax, flank, inguinal region, hind limbs, perineum and tail was complete in group C, but mild to moderate in groups A and B. Ataxia was severe in group C and mild in groups A and B. Mild to deep sedation was produced by groups A and C animals. Group B animals failed to produce sedation. Longer duration and greater depth of analgesia was produced in animals of group C. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature decreased in groups A and C. The haematological parameters decreased in all the groups. The biochemical parameters like glucose, cortisol, BUN, creatinine, and ALT increased in all the animals. However, total proteins and albumin decreased in the three groups. The plasma electrolytes sodium, potassium and chloride did not show any significant change. The results of this study indicated a possible synergistic analgesic interaction between epidurally administered xylazine and ketamine, without causing any marked systemic effects in water buffalo calves.

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“…By applying these results to a commercial preslaughter situation, evidently the longer the animals remain in isolation, the greater will be the emotional stress they experience. Small ruminants do not readily adapt to social isolation, as repeated application of isolation stress evokes a greater increase in circulating cortisol concentrations (Niezgoda et al, 1987). Grandin (1998) emphasized that animals should not be left in a restrainer or stunning pen at slaughter facilities for prolonged durations, such as during lunch or coffee breaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulated preslaughter holding and isolation effects on stress responses and live weight shrinkage in meat goats1

Kannan

Terrill

Kouakou

et al. 2002

Journal of Animal Science

112

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The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of preslaughter isolation and feed withdrawal duration on physiological responses and shrinkage in goats. A total of 84 Spanish does (36 mo of age, average weight 35 kg) were individually weighed and scored for excitability before two replicate (day) trials. The does were feed-deprived (FD) or fed (F) in holding pens (treatment, TRT) for either 0, 7, 14, or 21 h (TIME). At the end of the holding periods, FD and F does were blood-sampled (n = 6 does/treatment/time/replicate) and weighed again to assess physiological responses and shrinkage, respectively. Individual does from each pen were blood-sampled again after imposing one of three handling post-treatments: a 15-min isolation with no visual contact with other does (I); a 15-min isolation with visual contact (IV); or no isolation (C, control). Plasma cortisol concentrations were higher at 0 h than at other holding time periods (P < 0.01). Plasma triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and leptin concentrations, and differential leukocyte counts were not influenced by any of the factors. The rate of decline in glucose concentrations over TIME was greater in FD than in F group (TRT x TIME, P < 0.05). The overall plasma creatine kinase activity peaked at 7 h before reaching a lower level at 14- and 21-h holding (P < 0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were higher at 0- and 21-h than at 7- and 14-h holding (P < 0.01). Plasma nonesterified FA concentrations in the FD group remained at an elevated level during holding, but in the F group the levels decreased at 7 h and remained at that level (TRT x TIME, P < 0.01). Excitability scores did not have any effect on the variables measured. Shrinkage increased with longer holding time, but more prominently in the FD group (TRT x TIME, P < 0.01). Plasma cortisol concentrations were greater in I and IV groups than in the C group (P < 0.01). The novelty of environment during preslaughter holding, and social isolation may be more potent stressors than feed deprivation in goats, although shrinkage may increase with increasing feed-withdrawal times.

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Lack of Adaptation to Repeated Emotional Stress Evoked by Isolation of Sheep from the Flock*

Cited by 20 publications

References 14 publications

Physiological effects of repeated transport in pregnant goats and their offspring

Physiological effects of repeated transport in pregnant goats and their offspring

Xylazine, Ketamine and their Combination for Lumbar Epidural Analgesia in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)

Simulated preslaughter holding and isolation effects on stress responses and live weight shrinkage in meat goats1

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