Lack of evidence for vertical transmission of SAV 3 using gametes of Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L., exposed by natural and experimental routes

Kongtorp, R T; Stene, Anne; Andreassen, P A; Aspehaug, Vidar; Graham, D. A.; Lyngstad, Trude Marie; Olsen, Anne Berit; Olsen, R.S.; Sandberg, Marianne; Santi, Nina; Wallace, Christian; Breck, Olav

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01190.x

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, vertical transmission for SAV has not been demonstrated (Kongtorp et al . ). Furthermore, whilst Bratland & Nylund () detected SAV by PCR in ova and fry sampled from commercial farms, in a study of 46 Norwegian freshwater production sites Jansen et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

Cano

Joiner

Bayley

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

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A challenge model for pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fry, was developed comparing two salmonid alphavirus (SAV) subtypes: SAV1 and SAV5. Viral doses of 3 × 10(5) TCID50 mL(-1) for SAV1 and 3 × 10(4) for SAV5 were tested in triplicate tanks, each containing 450 salmon fry. Cumulative mortalities of 1.2% were recorded. Titres of virus recovered from the mortalities ranged from 10(2) to 10(7) TCID50 mL(-1) . Fry were sampled at 3, 5 and 7.5 weeks post-challenge. Sampling after 3 weeks revealed a high prevalence of infection in the absence of clinical signs, and infectious virus was recovered from 80% and 43% of sampled fry infected with SAV1 and SAV5, respectively. After 5 weeks pancreas, heart and red skeletal muscle lesions were generally observed, whilst degeneration in white skeletal muscle was observed only in fish infected with SAV1. In situ hybridisation confirmed the presence of viral genome in infected pancreas, heart and muscle. After 7.5 weeks, infectious virus (both isolates) was recovered from 13.3% of the fish sampled, with a viral titre of 10(2) TCID50 mL(-1) . Clearly, salmon fry are susceptible to SAV infection and pancreas disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

Cano

Joiner

Bayley

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…The virus test for salmon pancreas disease (PD) in cardiac tissue, and amoebic gill disease (AGD) test in gill tissue, were performed by an accredited commercial firm, PatoGen Analyse AS ( www.patogen.no). Real-time RT qPCR analyses were performed according to accredited procedures of PatoGen Analyse AS [9][10][11]. Table 1 shows the infection rate of AGD and PD in the studied salmon group.…”

Section: Real-time Rt-pcr Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a non-invasive method for stress evaluation in farmed salmon based on direct fecal corticoid metabolites measurement

Cao

Tveten

Stene

2017

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Fish welfare is an important issue for growth of the aquaculture industry. Stress responses represent animal's natural reactions to challenging conditions and could be used as a welfare indicator. Cortisol level is relevant to fish welfare condition, and is a readily measured component of the primary stress response system. Generally, cortisol is measured by blood sampling. However, fish blood cortisol level could be instantly influenced by handling-stress at sampling. Fecal corticoid metabolites (FCM) are a mixture of several different metabolites with a wide range of polarities. Thus, feces could be promising alternative less handling-sensitive and non-invasive biological matrices for cortisol evaluation in Atlantic salmon. In this study we developed non-invasive method for determination of fecal corticoid metabolites in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was demonstrated that salmon FCM extracted from salmon feces is insoluble in non-polar solvents like diethyl ether, but well soluble in polar solvents like methanol. The proper extraction ratio could be one ml 100% methanol for 100 μL of the liquid part of salmon feces or 100 mg of the solid part. The FCM directly detected in unextracted liquid part of feces correlated well with the FCM extracted from both liquid and solid part of the corresponding samples, without significant difference. Thus, it is feasible to measure FCM directly in the liquid part of salmon feces without any extraction procedure. Then, we applied this assay for FCM analysis in the group of salmon that experienced salmon pancreas disease (PD) and amoebic gill disease (AGD). We demonstrated 1) both plasma cortisol and FCM increased significantly during the outbreak of inflammatory disease (P < 0.01). Plasma cortisol level was elevated from 28 ± 40 ng/ml to 164.4 ± 62.5 ng/ml, FCM from 14.4 ± 13.2 ng/ml to 170.7 ± 89.7 ng/ml 2) Growth and starvation has no significant impact on either cortisol or FCM level. 3) FCM correlated well with plasma cortisol level (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there seems more individual variation in plasma cortisol levels than in FCM levels. These results suggest FCM could be directly analyzed in liquid part of salmon feces without extraction. This directly detected FCM level could represent the total fecal FCM level and plasma cortisol level. This simple and non-invasive method makes FCM a proper indicator for salmon welfare.

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“…In light of this, it would seem that if vertical transmission does occur its impact would be negligible [17], with horizontal transmission being by far the most important means of virus spread [18,19] with shedding of mucus and faeces being recently described as transmission routes for SAV [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during pancreas disease (PD) following infection with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3)

Braceland

Bickerdike

Tinsley

et al. 2013

Journal of Proteomics

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Salmonid alphavirus is the aetological agent of pancreas disease (PD) in marine Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with most outbreaks in Norway caused by SAV subtype 3 (SAV3). This atypical alphavirus is transmitted horizontally causing a significant economic impact on the aquaculture industry. This histopathological and proteomic study, using an established cohabitational experimental model, investigated the correlation between tissue damage during PD and a number of serum proteins associated with these pathologies in Atlantic salmon. The proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting. A number of humoral components of immunity which may act as biomarkers of the disease were also identified. For example, creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase serum concentrations were shown to correlate with pathology during PD. In contrast, hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, amongst others, altered during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. This approach has given new insight into not only PD but also fish disease as a whole, by characterisation of the protein response to infection, through pathological processes to tissue recovery.Biological significanceSalmonid alphavirus causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and has a major economic impact on the aquaculture industry. A proteomic investigation of the change to the serum proteome during PD has been made with an established experimental model of the disease. Serum proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting with 72 protein spots being shown to alter significantly over the 12 week period of the infection. The concentrations of certain proteins in serum such as creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase were shown to correlate with tissue pathology while other proteins such as hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, altered in concentration during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. The protein response to infection may be used to monitor disease progression and enhance understanding of the pathology of PD.

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Lack of evidence for vertical transmission of SAV 3 using gametes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., exposed by natural and experimental routes

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

An experimental means of transmitting pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry in freshwater

Establishment of a non-invasive method for stress evaluation in farmed salmon based on direct fecal corticoid metabolites measurement

The serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during pancreas disease (PD) following infection with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3)

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