Lacrimal Gland Histopathology and Secretory Function in Sjögren’s Syndrome Mice Model Treated with Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf Extract

Abstract

Background: The pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome involves the activation of NF-κB, producing proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-γ. Through oxidative stress, they will cause necrosis and apoptosis of lacrimal gland cells, resulting in impaired secretory function or reduced tear production. Moringa oleifera leaf extract is known to have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Objective: To determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on lacrimal gland histopathology and secretory function in Sjögren’s syndrome mice model. Methods: The experimental study had a post-test only control group design with 32 eight-week-old male mice of the BALB/c strain divided into four groups, negative control (C−), which was not induced by SS, positive control (C+), treatment 1 (T1), and treatment 2 (T2) induced by Sjögren’s syndrome by immunizing with the 60-kD Ro antigen (SSA) as much as 100 µg. After 42 days, the T1 group was given dexamethasone 1.23 mg/kg BW/day orally for 14 days, whereas T2 was given dexamethasone 1.23 mg/kg BW/day and Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract 200 mg/kg BW/day orally for 14 days. At the end of the study, lacrimal gland histopathology and secretory function (tear production) were examined. Statistical analysis using F ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis was followed by partial difference test with the Least Significant Difference post hoc test/Mann–Whitney. Significant if p < 0.05. Results: The comparison of lacrimal gland histopathology in T1 (p = 0.044) and T2 groups (p = 0.020) obtained significant results (p < 0.05) when compared to C+. However, the comparison of tear production in T1 (p = 0.127) and T2 groups (p = 0.206) was not significant (p > 0.05) when compared to the C+ group. Conclusion: The administration of Moringa oleifera leaf extract 200 mg/kg BW for 14 days could significantly improve lacrimal gland histopathology but was not effective in increasing tear production in Sjögren’s syndrome mice model.

Advances in imaging of the lacrimal gland in Sjögren's syndrome: A narrative review

“…26 Through inflammation and apoptosis of glandular cells, T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies cause tissue damage. 27 Patients with SS who had their lip minor salivary glands histologically examined demonstrated localized lymphocyte accumulation of T cells and B cells. 28 In addition to changing tear flow, SS additionally affects the makeup of tears, producing more inflammatory and proteolytic tears.…”

“…These changes lead to vasodilation and lymphocytic infiltration, including B lymphocytes, CD4‐T cells, and other immune cells 26 . Through inflammation and apoptosis of glandular cells, T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies cause tissue damage 27 . Patients with SS who had their lip minor salivary glands histologically examined demonstrated localized lymphocyte accumulation of T cells and B cells 28 …”