Lacrimostimulants and lacrimomimetics

Grahn, Bruce H; Storey, Eric S.

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.12.009

Cited by 36 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Two types of STTs have been reported in dogs (abbreviated as STT 1 and STT 2), the STT 1 measures reflex aqueous tear production and the STT 2 measures the basal tear production after topical anesthetic is applied [2]. A diagnosis of KCS in the dog is made when a measurement of <10mm/min of STT1 is found (the normal value is usually 16-24 mm/min) in association with typical clinical manifestations [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Qualitative tear film abnormalities can be diagnosed by measuring tear film breakup time (TBUT), normal TBUT is approximately 20 seconds. Mucin deficiencies manifest with tear film breakup times of less than 5 seconds in dogs and cats [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lacrimal functional unit is composed of the lacrimal glands, ocular surface and the interconnecting innervation [1,2]. Deficiencies in any of the tear film layers, defective spreading of tear film, systemic diseases, and some medications can disturb the unit and cause dry eye disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subconjunctivally injected liposome encapsulated sirolimus and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of non-responsive keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the spontaneous dog model

Guajardo¹,

Linares-Alba²,

Fonzar³

et al. 2018

Vet Med Anim Sci

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic utility of sirolimus liposomes (prepared by two different techniques at two different doses) by subconjunctival injection, and tacrolimus ophthalmic solution at 0.03% in canine patients diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) non-responsive to conventional treatment. Procedures: 20 privately owned pet dogs with clinically confirmed non-responsive KCS were randomized into 5 groups. Patients were administered with 0.15 ml of placebo or product respectively every 2 weeks for 60 days. Also, all patients received topically tacrolimus 0.03% solution 3 times a day for 90 days. Each animal was given a full ophthalmic examination prior and during the evaluation. Results: During the evaluation, no adverse effects were observed. For a 0.16 mg/ml dose of sirolimus, the heating method provided liposomes with enhanced immunomodulating activity in contrast to the ethanol injection method. On the other hand, the improvement in lacrimal production achieved by a 0.4 mg/ml sirolimus dose was independent of the preparation technique. HM4 and EI16 formulations showed important decrease in secondary pigmentary keratitis. Also, the use of sirolimus liposomes exhibited reduction in corneal vascularization and conjunctival discharge. Conclusions: The 0.4 mg/ml dose provided greater improvement of lacrimal production and minimization of ocular irritation indicators with no influence of the preparation technique used. The heating method generated liposomal dispersions with enhanced immunomodulating activity at a lower dose of 0.16 mg/ml. Besides lacrimal production improvement, the treatment significantly improved patient vision clarity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subconjunctivally injected liposome encapsulated sirolimus and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of non-responsive keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the spontaneous dog model

Guajardo¹,

Linares-Alba²,

Fonzar³

et al. 2018

Vet Med Anim Sci

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“…High‐quality mucin layer is also essential to maintain stability of the tear film and KCS may have a detrimental effect on this layer due to inflammatory infiltration in the mucin‐producing glands . KCS has a noteworthy prevalence in the canine population and is a significant disease in dogs due to its impact on quality of life, ie, discomfort from chronic inflammation of the ocular surface . It is also important as a spontaneous animal model for similar diseases in man …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative efficacy of topical oclacitinib 0.1% and tacrolimus 0.01% in canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Oliveira

Williams

Bollmann

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To assess the efficacy of 0.1% oclacitinib as a single agent, and in combination with tacrolimus 0.01%, for the control of ophthalmic signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs. Animals studied Thirty‐two dogs (57 eyes) diagnosed with idiopathic KCS were included. Inclusion criteria were Schirmer Tear Test 1 (STT‐1) values <15 mm/min and concurrent clinical signs such as ocular hyperemia and discharge. Procedures The animals were submitted to a randomized, open‐label, 5‐week study and divided into 3 treatment groups treated with the following ophthalmic solutions: (a) 0.1% oclacitinib, (b) 0.1% oclacitinib +0.01% tacrolimus, and (c) 0.01% tacrolimus. Eye drops were instilled twice daily (12‐hour intervals). At each follow‐up examination, STT‐1, clinical signs, and potential drug side effects were assessed. Results Oclacitinib did not significantly improve STT‐1 values or clinical scores. Tacrolimus alone and in combination with oclacitinib increased mean STT‐1 values by 11.84 ± 5.2 and 12.46 ± 5.3 mm/min, respectively (P = 0.0001). Clinical scores of ocular discharge and hyperemia also improved significantly in both groups receiving treatment with tacrolimus (P < 0.05). However, addition of oclacitinib to tacrolimus provided no additional improvement over tacrolimus alone. Conclusions Topical 0.1% oclacitinib twice daily is not effective in controlling the ocular signs of KCS in dogs. 0.01% tacrolimus increased STT‐1 values significantly and could potentially be used as a treatment for mild‐to‐moderate cases of KCS. Synergism between drugs did not occur, and therefore the use of oclacitinib is not justified in cases of canine KCS.

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“…The tear film is essential for the maintenance of cornea transparency. In addition, it functions as a refractive surface, promotes nutrition and lubrication of the cornea and eyelids, removes debris and distributes leukocytes on the ocular surface (Grahn & Storey, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of the effects of propofol and thiopental on tear production in dogs

et al. 2010

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RESUMO Comparação da produção lacrimal em cães após indução anestésica com Propofol e TiopentalO filme lacrimal tem função importante na manutenção da integridade da superfície ocular. Durante a anestesia geral sua produção é diminuída consideravelmente, o que exige cuidados para prevenir efeitos adversos que resultam em doenças destas estruturas. Ainda não foram realizadas pesquisas comparando-se os efeitos da indução com o tiopental e com o propofol na produção lacrimal. Como estas drogas são utilizadas na Medicina Veterinária, resolveu-se avaliar a produção lacrimal de 30 cães submetidos à procedimentos cirúrgicos experimentais e de rotina no Hospital Veteriná-rio da The tear film plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the ocular suface. During general anesthesia, tear production is considerably reduced, which requires care to prevent adverse effects that result in diseases of these structures. Studies comparing the effects of induction of anaesthesia with thiopental and propofol on tear production have not been carried out yet. Because these drugs are used in veterinary medicine, we decided to evaluate the tear production in 30 dogs undergoing experimental surgery as well as routine procedures at the veterinary hospital of Federal University of Viçosa. Patients were divided into two groups of equal number. All animals were sedated with clorpromazine and maintained with isoflurane in diluted oxygen. Group 1 was induced with thiopental whereas group 2 with propofol. Schirmer tear test 1 was performed before sedation (T0), 15 minutes after sedation (T1) and 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia (T2) with the drug chosen for one of the groups. There was a significant decrease in tear production for both drugs, but no significant statistical differences were found between them. Thus, considering the results and the way in which the study was conducted, we suggest protecting the cornea and conjunctiva of patients during anesthesia using any of the drugs here evaluated.

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Lacrimostimulants and lacrimomimetics

Cited by 36 publications

References 30 publications

Subconjunctivally injected liposome encapsulated sirolimus and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of non-responsive keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the spontaneous dog model

Subconjunctivally injected liposome encapsulated sirolimus and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of non-responsive keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the spontaneous dog model

Comparative efficacy of topical oclacitinib 0.1% and tacrolimus 0.01% in canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A comparison of the effects of propofol and thiopental on tear production in dogs

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