Lactic acid bacteria enhance autophagic ability of mononuclear phagocytes by increasing Th1 autophagy-promoting cytokine (IFN-γ) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and reducing Th2 autophagy-restraining cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen

Autophagy in the Fight Against Tuberculosis

“…It is possible that by blocking the Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, known to restrict autophagy, similar promising results may be achieved since a high-throughput RNA interference screen in a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) found that these autophagy-negative regulators are absolutely essential for intracellular mycobacterial survival and growth (Kumar et al, 2010). In fact, it has been demonstrated in vitro that lactic acid bacteria enhance the bacterial killing ability of mononuclear phagocytes by increasing autophagy-inducing cytokine IFN-g levels and by reducing IL-4 and IL-13 (Ghadimi et al, 2010). In addition, oral treatment with lactic acid bacteria was sufficient to downregulate the lung Th2 response (Forsythe et al, 2007;Ghadimi et al, 2010).…”

“…In fact, it has been demonstrated in vitro that lactic acid bacteria enhance the bacterial killing ability of mononuclear phagocytes by increasing autophagy-inducing cytokine IFN-g levels and by reducing IL-4 and IL-13 (Ghadimi et al, 2010). In addition, oral treatment with lactic acid bacteria was sufficient to downregulate the lung Th2 response (Forsythe et al, 2007;Ghadimi et al, 2010).…”

Autophagy in Tuberculosis

“…IFN-g, a key Th1 cytokine, can turn on autophagy (Gutierrez et al 2004;Harris et al 2007). Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 inhibit IFN-g-dependent autophagy in a dominant fashion; that is, they can trump IFN-g effects during simultaneous exposure (Harris et al 2007;Ghadimi et al 2010). Th2 cytokines can also override other physiological inducers of autophagy, although the inhibitory signaling pathways differ in terms of interference with IFN-g or, for example, starvation as inducers of autophagy (Harris et al 2007).…”

“…Today we recognize that autophagy is widely integrated with immunity starting from cell-autonomous defense against invading bacteria and viruses to regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in general ). The initial observations uncovering the role of autophagy against M. tuberculosis (Gutierrez et al 2004;Singh et al 2006) have been followed by a gradual increase in studies supporting and extending these early findings (Alonso et al 2007;Harris et al 2007;Xu et al 2007;Biswas et al 2008;Jagannath et al 2009;Yuk et al 2009;Ghadimi et al 2010;Kumar et al 2010;Ponpuak et al 2010;Shin et al 2010b;Singh et al 2010;Fabri et al 2011a,b;Campbell and Spector 2012;Juarez et al 2012;Petruccioli et al 2012;Watson et al 2012;Zullo and Lee 2012;Anandaiah et al 2013;Klug-Micu et al 2013;Manzanillo et al 2013). In this article we briefly cover autophagy as a pathway and its broad roles in immunity and summarize what has been learned about autophagy in tuberculosis thus far.…”

Heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus La205 enhances NK cell cytotoxicity through increased granule exocytosis

“…1), although the effect was variable. Previous studies on the effect of LAB on the immune system used various LAB stains such as Lactibacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus rahamnosus GG, and Bifidobacterium bifidum MF 20/5 [6,34]. Results from these studies indicate that most LAB strains stimulate Th1 response through IL-12 production in DCs and IFN-␥ production in T cells [6].…”