Lactic acid bacteria, probiotics and immune system

Abstract

Mucous membranes of the body are in direct contact with the outside environment and they are colonised by a large number of different bacteria. Through mucous membranes, the organism is in permanent con-tact with different antigens. Mucous surfaces are protected by many defence mechanisms that ensure a permanent and effective protection. They include the production of secretory IgA, the production of mucus, cytoprotective peptides, defensins etc. Indigenous microflora markedly affects the structure of the host mucous, its function, and the development of the whole immune system. Protective microflora prevents pathogens from adhering by competi-tion for substrates and places of adhesion, and they simultaneously produce antibacterial substances and stimulate the production of specific antibodies and mucus. The early colonisation of the gut with living micro-organisms is important for the development of the gut protection barrier. The number of immune and epithelial cells increases. Probiotic micro-organisms including lactic acid bacteria (LAB) positively influence the composition of the gut microflora; they stimulate the production of secretory IgA; they affect the targeted transportation of the luminal antigens to Peyer’s patches and they increase the production of IFN-g. LAB stimulate the activity of non-specific and specific immune cells. These properties of the LAB depend on the particular species or strain of bacteria. These singularities are probably determined by differences in the cell wall composition. LAB belong to a group of benefi-cially acting bacteria and they are able to eliminate damage to the gut microenvironment; they stimulate local and systemic immune responses and they maintain the integrity of the gut wall.

Dietary bacteriophages as an alternative for zinc oxide or organic acids to control diarrhoea and improve the performance of weanling piglets

“…This correlates with the earlier studies of Mourao et al (2006) who reported that decreasing the number of pathogenic bacteria in the gut may improve the capacity epithelial cells to build villi and thus enhance intestinal morphology, influence intestinal morphology, either by neuroendocrine factors or by the products that these microorganisms secrete (Barbara et al 2005). Lactic acid bacteria influence the distribution and the numbers of lymphoid cells in lymphatic tissues associated with the gut, ensure the balance in the composition of the gut microflora, and through their activity are able to maintain the integrity of the gut mucous membrane (Herich and Levkut 2002). Crypt depth did not significantly differ among the groups; however, Bifidiobacteium spp.…”

Effet immunostimulant de quatre additifs alimentaires contre les maladies de Gumboro et de Newcastle chez le poulet de chair (<em>Gallus gallus</em>)

“…Quant à la levure, les effets stimulants ou régulateurs des probiotiques, c'est-à-dire des microorganismes vivants sur la réponse immunitaire, ont fait l'objet de plusieurs travaux de recherche (Ashraf et Shah, 2014 ;Coates et McColl, 2001). Ces effets ont été observés sur les cellules immunitaires impliquées dans les mécanismes de défense non spécifique par activation des macrophages (Herich et Levkut, 2002) et sur le système immunitaire sécrétoire notamment des immunoglobulines A sécrétoires dans la lumière intestinale (Isolauri et al, 2001). En effet, des études aussi bien anciennes que récentes ont montré l'implication des extraits de paroi de levure S. cerevisiae, tel que le Zymosan, dans le système immunitaire (Miura et al, 1999).…”

“…En effet, des études aussi bien anciennes que récentes ont montré l'implication des extraits de paroi de levure S. cerevisiae, tel que le Zymosan, dans le système immunitaire (Miura et al, 1999). D'autres travaux ont signalé que ce sont en fait les β-glucanes de la paroi qui sont responsables de la stimulation du système immunitaire (Lee et al, 2001), probablement à travers leurs effets sur l'activation des macrophages (Herich et Levkut, 2002 ;Sarazin et al, 2010). En outre, les mannanes de la paroi de levure seraient capables de stimuler le système immunitaire chez le rat (Ataoglu et al, 2000).…”

“…Chez ce dernier, les pathologies virales, en l'occurrence la maladie (Herich et Levkut, 2002 ;Yin et al, 2007). Dans ce dernier cas, des suppléments à base d'extraits microbiens, de plantes, de champignons ou des substances d'origine animale ont été expérimentés chez les animaux de compagnie (Chabanne, 2006 ;Desenclos, 2012), les ruminants (Wang et al, 2009 ;Yang et al, 2007), les poissons (Gabor et al, 2012 ;Nya et Austin, 2009) et les volailles (Bouzoubaa et Krull, 2008 ;Awaad et al, 2010 ;Ajakaiye et al, 2010).…”

Functional Characterization of Lactobacillus sakei JK-17 Isolated from Long-term Fermented Kimchi, Muk Eun Ji

“…해하여 장내 유해 세균에 항균작용을 하는 것으로 알려져 있 다 [6,7]. 최근에는 김치의 발효에 관여하는 젖산세균이 감기 에 대한 저항력과 조류인플루엔자의 조절에도 관여하는 것 으로 보고되고 있어 많은 관심이 집중되고 있다 [8,9].…”