Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC 0137 fermented red Moringa oleifera exhibits protective effects in mice challenged with Salmonella typhi via TLR3/TLR4 inhibition and down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines

Abstract

Background Salmonella typhi is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that threatens health. S. typhi infection exacerbated the antibiotic resistance problem that needs alternative strategies. Moringa oleifera possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. However, there is a lack of information about the pharmacological value of red M. oleifera . The fermentation of red M. oleifera leaves extract (RMOL) is expected to add to its nutritional value. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate non-fermented RMOL (NRMOL) and fermented RMOL (FRMOL) effects on S. typhi infection in mice. Materials and methods Female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into eight groups. The treatment groups were orally administered with NRMOL or FRMOL at doses 14, 42, and 84 mg/kg BW during the 28 days experimental period. Then S. typhi was introduced to mice through intraperitoneal injection except in the healthy groups. The NRMOL or FRMOL administration was continued for the next seven days. Cells that expressed CD11b + TLR3 + , CD11b + TLR4 + , CD11b + IL-6 + , CD11b + IL-17 + , CD11b + TNF-a + , and CD4 + CD25 + CD62L + were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Our result suggested that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly reduced ( p < 0.05 ) the expression of CD11b + TLR3 + , CD11b + TLR4 + , CD11b + IL-6 + , CD11b + IL-17 + , and CD11b + TNF-α + subsets. In contrast, NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly increased ( p < 0.05 ) the expression of CD4 + CD25 + CD62L + subsets. NRMOL at dose 14 and 42 mg/kg BW was more effective compared to FRMOL in reducing the expression of CD11b + TLR3 + , CD11b + TLR4 + , and CD11b + TNF-α + subsets. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts could be promising agents for protection against S. ty...

Interaction Affinity Between Flavonoids Against Cytokines Interleukin 12 in Diabetes Mellitus

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Expression of Immunoglobulin G / Immunoglobulin M Typhoid On Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio In Patients At Haji Hospital, Surabaya

“…When Salmonella typhi enters the body, the bacteria will be destroyed by macrophages followed by an inflammatory response process, especially in the liver, spleen, lungs, and intestines. During infection, macrophages will express Tolllike receptors (TLR4) and recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the main component of the cell wall of Salmonella typhi and stimulate pathways on TLR4 to produce inflammatory cytokines [10]. These cytokines will make the body experience symptoms of chills, and nausea accompanied by headaches with an incubation period of 7 days to 14 days.…”