Lactose-crosslinked fish gelatin-based porous scaffolds embedded with tetrahydrocurcumin for cartilage regeneration

Abstract

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is one of the major colourless metabolites of curcumin and shows even greater pharmacological and physiological benefits. The aim of this work was the manufacturing of porous scaffolds as a carrier of THC under physiological conditions. Fish-derived gelatin scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying by two solutions concentrations (2.5% and 4% w/v), cross-linked via addition of lactose and heat-treated at 105 °C. This cross-linking reaction resulted in more water resistant scaffolds with a water uptake capacity higher than 800%. Along with the cross-linking reaction, the gelatin concentration affected the scaffold morphology, as observed by scanning electron microscopy images, by obtaining a reduced porosity but larger pores sizes when the initial gelatin concentration was increased. These morphological changes led to a scaffold's strength enhancement from 0.92 ± 0.22 MPa to 2.04 ± 0.18 MPa when gelatin concentration was increased. THC release slowed down when gelatin concentration increased from 2.5 to 4% w/v, showing a controlled profile within 96 h. Preliminary in vitro test with chondrocytes on scaffolds with 4% w/v gelatin offered higher metabolic activities and cell survival up to 14 days of incubation. Finally the addition of THC did not influence significantly the cytocompatibility and potential antibacterial properties were demonstrated successfully against Staphylococcus aureus.

Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrogels Based on Gelatinised Collagen with Potential Application in Tissue Engineering

“…However, biomaterials with other properties are currently being sought, more related to facilitating cell adhesion and proliferation (third generation biomaterials) [11,12]. Most of the studies that are currently being carried out are based on the use of natural polymers, due to their excellent biological properties (biocompatibility and biodegradability) [13]. Thus, although the mechanical properties need to be reinforced, these polymers provide better cell adhesion and interaction with the host tissue [14].…”

Development of Bioinspired Gelatin and Gelatin/Chitosan Bilayer Hydrofilms for Wound Healing

“…In this sense, other crosslinkers have gained importance due to their biocompatibility including genipin, lactose and citric acid. The crosslinking reaction differs with each of them; genipin reacts with the amine groups of the gelatin to form a heterocyclic compound [11]; secondly, lactose leads a non-enzymatic glycation of the protein chains known as Maillard reaction [12]; and finally, citric acid reacts with the amine group of the gelatin [13]. Thereby, with each crosslinker the stability and strength of the bound differs, leading to gelatin with unique properties.…”

Cosmetic, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Fish Gelatin/Hydrolysates

“…Additionally, porous scaffolds were beneficial in numerous biological, and biomedical applications [103]. Porous fish gelatin-based scaffolds were fabricated as a carrier for tetrahydrocurcumin, an antibacterial agent [104]. Similarly, an electrospun fish gelatin nanofibrous mat for drug delivery of was fabricated and compared to a conventional fish gelatin film.…”