Land Degradation and Option of Practical Conservation Concepts in Manna Watershed Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract

Watershed overcoming deteriorates in its function was indicated by increasing soil erosion and land degradation. The research aims were to determine and map critical land degradation levels and to chose options of practical conservation concepts in Manna watershed. The Manna watershed lays on 102°51'38.2" - 103°10'57.8" long, and 04°0'39.6" - 4°29'38.0" alt covering 72,899.9 ha. The analysis procedures to determine land degradation levels based on Ministry of Forestry Rule (No. P.32/Menhut-11/2009), Procedures of Technical Design on Forest and Land Rehabilitation in Watershed (RTkRHL-DAS). The results showed that the Manna watershed divided in three land uses functions namely protected forest, limited timber forest, and agricultural cultivated areas/settlement. The land starting overcome degradation in covered by 35,318.6 ha or 48,77% of the watershed based on digital mapping using ArcGIS 10.1 software. The lands that categorized the critical level of degradation covered 7,989.5 ha or 11,03% of the watershed, and classified in the high critical level were 169.8 ha or 0,23% of the watershed. Options of conservation practice on the degraded lands in the Manna watershed should implement agro-forestry models because of the physiographical landscape in this area covering by waving to hilly landforms. On the protected forest and limited timber forest should develop agro-forestry with collaborative approaches through social engineering and social forestry. Re-establishing land use of the Manna watershed based on functions of land is the wise options for the sustainable environmental concepts

Implementation of forest-land rehabilitation to support the enhancement of carbon stock on Indonesia’s FOLU net sink 2030 strategy

“…This program was also carried out in 15 priority watersheds, 15 priority lakes, areas prone to floods and landslides as well as areas upstream from 65 dams/reservoirs [18] Although rehabilitation has increased but compared to the degraded land area in 2019, which were 14.01 million hectares, seems that rehabilitation efforts still need to be improved. Several challenges of rehabilitation program in Indonesia are: still a huge of degraded land that needs to be rehabilitated [20,21], lack of monitoring resulting in the repetition of similar mistakes [22], lack of community participation [15], low application of land rehabilitation technology, low of land rehabilitation financing from the government, etc.…”

Performance of Wanggu Watershed Management Based on Land Indicators

“…The results of the comparison of actual erosion with tolerated erosion are expressed as erosion hazard index values. The erosion hazard index classification is based on (Hammer, 1981;Arsyad, 2010), namely; a. erosion hazard index value <1.0 is low; b. the erosion hazard index value of 1.01-4.0 is moderate; c. an erosion hazard index value of 4.01-10.0 is considered high; and c. an erosion index value of >10.01 is stated to be very high (Arsyad, 2010). The results of the erosion hazard index and the weighted erosion hazard index in the Wanggu Watershed are presented in Table 10.…”

A Review on Sustainability of Watershed Management in Indonesia

“…Degraded watersheds should be rehabilitated, especially in upstream areas prone to degradation into critical land [115][116][117]. There are several degraded land in upstream areas due to forest conversions that are not in accordance with the land capacity [19,118,119]. In addition, public awareness of the importance of forest functions in the environmental system is still low [120].…”

“…Currently, watershed management activities in Indonesia are more focused on hydrological and water management aspects [14][15][16]. In addition, SWC programs to prevent flooding and erosion have been prioritized [17][18][19][20] for forest and degraded land rehabilitation [21][22][23], as well as spatial land use planning to achieve a sustainable watershed [24][25][26][27].…”