This paper provides an overview of the implementation and obstacles of watershed management, and the alternative solutions based on a synoptic review of related studies and experiences across Indonesia. The review found that problems in the institutional aspect were hierarchical confusion, discrepancy, and asynchrony among regulations, and weak (participation, synchronization, and coordination) among watershed management stakeholders. The weaknesses in the planning stage are integration among sectors, a lack of community participation, and limited readiness to integrate watershed planning into regional planning. Stakeholders’ involvement is also a critical factor in successful implementation of degraded watershed rehabilitation, including in peatland and mangrove areas. Failure should be minimized by providing adequate information on degraded watershed characteristics, appropriate species choices, and effective mechanical construction for soil and water conservation. Community participation as the main factor in driving watershed management should be achieved by strengthening public awareness of the importance of a sustainable watershed and providing access for the community to be involved in each stage of watershed management. Another problem is data gaps which are essential to address from the planning to evaluation stages. The gaps can be bridged by using remotely sensed data and by applying hydrological-based simulation models. Simplified criteria for watershed assessment may also be required, depending on site-specific issues and the watershed scale.

ABSTRAKMeningkatnya kandungan karbondioksida (CO 2 ) di atmosfer merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan iklim dunia (global climate change). Penambatan karbondioksida melalui berbagai vegetasi hutan, misalnya di hutan mangrove diyakini sebagai salah satu upaya penurunan kandungan gas karbondioksida dari atmosfer. Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. sebagai salah satu jenis pohon pada tegakan mangrove memiliki potensi penambatan karbondioksida yang cukup besar. Selain melakukan pendugaan kandungan karbon pada tegakan Avicennia marina, juga dilakukan analisis karbon organik tanah. Kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan di BKPH Ciasem, KPH Purwakarta, Perum Perhutani Unit III -Jawa Barat dan Banten. Dari lima plot pengambilan contoh tanah, diperoleh hasil rata-rata kandungan karbon organik tanah sebesar 2,9%. Kandungan karbon organik tanah ini tergolong sedang. Berdasarkan hasil dari sampling dengan merusak pohon di lapangan, diperoleh persamaan allometrik kandungan biomasa (Y) sebagai berikut: untuk biomasa atas Y = 0,1848(DBH) 2,3524 R 2 = 0,9839, untuk biomasa bawah Y = 0,1682(DBH) 1,7939 R 2 = 0,8581, dan untuk biomasa total Y = 0,2905(DBH) 2,2598 R 2 = 0,9815. Tegakan A. marina di BKPH Ciasem memiliki potensi kandungan biomasa total sebesar 364,9 ton/ha dan kandungan karbon sebesar 182,5 ton/ha. Nilai serapan CO 2 total tegakan A. marina (Forsk.) Vierh. di BKPH Ciasem adalah 669,0 ton/ha dengan nilai serapan CO 2 rata-rata 14,2 ton/ pohon. Kata kunci : Hutan mangrove, biomasa, sekuestrasi karbon I. PENDAHULUANKawasan hutan mangrove merupakan suatu kawasan yang berfungsi sebagai jembatan antara lautan dan daratan.Saat ini, hutan mangrove di dunia hanya tersisa sekitar 17 juta hektar; 22 % dari luas tersebut terdapat di Indonesia yang sebagian besar telah mengalami kerusakan dan perubahan status peruntukannya.

The increasing need for forest resources and cultivated land requires a solution in forest management to realize sustainable land use. Smart agroforestry (SAF) is a set of agriculture and silviculture knowledge and practices that is aimed at not only increasing profits and resilience for farmers but also improving environmental parameters, including climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity enhancement, and soil and water conservation, while assuring sustainable landscape management. SAF, a solution for land management systems to reduce the rate of deforestation, is a smart effort to overcome the food crisis and mitigate climate change that is prospectively applied mainly in the social forestry area. Optimized forest land utilization could be achieved by implementing SAF and applying silvicultural and crop cultivation techniques to optimize productivity and meet sustainability and adaptability goals. This paper reviews the existing conditions, opportunities, and challenges in the mainstreaming of SAF in social forestry implementation to support the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia. Mainstreaming SAF should include policy innovation and regulation implementation, the use of appropriate technology, and compromises or trade-offs among benefits, risks, and resources. SAF is a strategy to revive the rural economy and community prosperity through the optimal use of local resources as well as a form of smart landscape and land-use management that has significant roles in soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change responses, and enhanced biodiversity conservation.