The increasing need for forest resources and cultivated land requires a solution in forest management to realize sustainable land use. Smart agroforestry (SAF) is a set of agriculture and silviculture knowledge and practices that is aimed at not only increasing profits and resilience for farmers but also improving environmental parameters, including climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity enhancement, and soil and water conservation, while assuring sustainable landscape management. SAF, a solution for land management systems to reduce the rate of deforestation, is a smart effort to overcome the food crisis and mitigate climate change that is prospectively applied mainly in the social forestry area. Optimized forest land utilization could be achieved by implementing SAF and applying silvicultural and crop cultivation techniques to optimize productivity and meet sustainability and adaptability goals. This paper reviews the existing conditions, opportunities, and challenges in the mainstreaming of SAF in social forestry implementation to support the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia. Mainstreaming SAF should include policy innovation and regulation implementation, the use of appropriate technology, and compromises or trade-offs among benefits, risks, and resources. SAF is a strategy to revive the rural economy and community prosperity through the optimal use of local resources as well as a form of smart landscape and land-use management that has significant roles in soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change responses, and enhanced biodiversity conservation.

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Marine endophytic bacteria are a valuable source of novel antibacterial in combating pathogenic isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a global nosocomial problem today. The aim of this study was to assess in vitro anti-MRSA activity of extracts from bacteria endophyte of marine sponge Haliclona fascigera collected from Setan Island, South Coast of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Anti-MRSA activity test carried out by the agar diffusion method using paper disk. The endophytic bacteria from sponge were isolated using dilution method and pour plate method on NA media. From the sponge were obtained 26 isolates of bacterial endophytic then propagated in NB media. The liquid media was then extracted using ethyl acetate solvent. Antimicrobial activity test carried out by the agar diffusion method using paper disk. The antibacterial activity assay was conducted with the extract concentrations of 5 %. Chloramphenicol was used as a positive control agent. The zone of inhibition was measured and expressed in millimeters. There were 12 isolates of the bacteria that considered active to MRSA. Mean of inhibition zones ranged from 11.1±0.17 to 15.17±0.76. Characterization and identification of endophytic bacteria were conducted to several bioactive bacteria. The identification method was performed using Gram staining and biochemical test.

Murniati, Suharti S. 2018. Towards zero burning peatland preparation: Incentive scheme and stakeholders role. Biodiversitas19: 1396-1405. Zero burning during peatland preparation should be implemented to prevent disturbance of its natural biodiversity aswell as to minimize the triggering factors of forest fire incidents in Indonesia. The objective of the research is to study method and costof peatland preparation, alternative incentive schemes to be applied in order to facilitate zero burning farming as well as to identifypotential stakeholders involved in the implementation of the incentive. The research was done in Siak District, Riau Province duringMay to December 2016 through field observation and interview. Two groups of respondents interviewed in the research, i.e., peatlandfarmers (40 respondents) and officials of related institutions (32 respondents), who were selected through purposive sampling method.The results showed there were three methods of peatland preparation at the research sites practiced by the farmers: (i) Under controlburning, (ii) Zero burning, manually and (iii) Zero burning, mechanically. Actual cost of zero burning is significantly higher or morethan two times than that of under control burning method. Therefore, there is a need to provide the smallholders peatland farmers withan incentive scheme to support zero burning practice. Margin of cost between zero burning (manually) and under control burning ofpeatland preparation methods is recommended to be used as standard for incentive. The incentive should be in the form of compulsoryprograms and applied gradually to assure zero burning peatland preparation widely implemented. Potential stakeholders involved andtheir commitment to implement the incentive scheme should be encouraged.