The combined effects of erosive rains, steep slopes and human land use have caused severe land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands for several thousand years, but since the 1970s however, land rehabilitation programs have been established to reverse deterioration. In order to characterize and quantify the transformations in the north Ethiopian highlands, a study was carried out over 8884 km² of the Tigray highlands of northern Ethiopia. Using Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner and later Thematic Mapper imagery (1972, 1984/86 and 2000), historical terrestrial photographs and fieldwork (2008), we prepared land use and cover maps. (1) a gradual but significant decline in bare ground (32% in 1972 to 8% in 2000), (2) a significant increase of bushland (25% to 43%) and total forest area (including eucalypt plantations, 2.6% to 6.3%) and (3) creation of numerous lakes and ponds. The dominant de Mûelenaere, S., Frankl, A., Mitiku Haile, Poesen, J., Deckers, J., Munro, R.N., Veraverbeke, S., Nyssen, J., 2014. Historical landscape photographs for calibration of Landsat land use/cover in the northern Ethiopian highlands. Land Degradation & Development, change trajectory (27% of the study area) indicates a gradual or recent vegetation increase.These changes can be linked to the population growth and the introduction of land rehabilitation initiatives, complemented by growing awareness of land holders.