Landslide-driven drainage divide migration

Dahlquist, Maxwell P.; West, A. Joshua; Li, Gen

doi:10.1130/g39916.1

Cited by 45 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Very large landslides can establish the spatial pattern of fluvial incision in uplifting landscapes such as Papua New Guinea (Hovius et al, ). At smaller scales, Dahlquist et al () found that a subset of landslides triggered during the Wenchuan and Gorkha earthquakes, as well as during Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan, caused divide migration by cutting off ridges. By changing the distribution of fluvial erosive power, these migrations could generate feedbacks between seismicity and landsliding.…”

Section: The Lasting Legacy Of Eqtlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possible effects of earthquake-triggered landslides on large-scale topography • Driving erosional losses from seismically active mountains; for example, determining the "earthquake mass or volume balance" (Figure 21; Hovius et al, 2011;Marc, Hovius, Meunier, Gorum, & Uchida, 2016;Parker et al, 2011) • Focusing denudation along seismically active mountain fronts reorganizing drainage basins (Dahlquist et al, 2018;Hovius et al, 1998) Potential morphological fingerprints of landslides and some example studies • Planar hillslopes associated with earthquake-induced landslides in landscapes with fewer inner gorges due to preferential initiation near ridges (Densmore & Hovius, 2000) • Clusters of giant landslides, ≫10 6 m 3 volume (Crozier et al, 1995), with mechanistic back analysis to distinguish seismic triggering (Jibson, 2009;Jibson & Keefer, 1993) • Relicts of landslide-dammed lakes (Korup & Wang, 2015) • Bowl-shaped source areas (Turnbull & Davies, 2006) • Alluvial deposits from landslide-driven aggradation (Schwanghart et al, 2016) • Parallel dune ridges along coastlines (Goff et al, 2008) are possible and potentially also long-lived proxies of past strong ground shaking (Crozier et al, 1995). However, without a discernible statistical difference between rainfall and earthquake-induced landslide distributions (Malamud et al, 2004), separating the effects of extreme earthquakes from those of extreme storms will be difficult.…”

Section: Topographic Legacy Of Eqtlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Earthquake‐Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts

Fan

Scaringi

Korup

et al. 2019

Reviews of Geophysics

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660

325

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Large earthquakes initiate chains of surface processes that last much longer than the brief moments of strong shaking. Most moderate‐ and large‐magnitude earthquakes trigger landslides, ranging from small failures in the soil cover to massive, devastating rock avalanches. Some landslides dam rivers and impound lakes, which can collapse days to centuries later, and flood mountain valleys for hundreds of kilometers downstream. Landslide deposits on slopes can remobilize during heavy rainfall and evolve into debris flows. Cracks and fractures can form and widen on mountain crests and flanks, promoting increased frequency of landslides that lasts for decades. More gradual impacts involve the flushing of excess debris downstream by rivers, which can generate bank erosion and floodplain accretion as well as channel avulsions that affect flooding frequency, settlements, ecosystems, and infrastructure. Ultimately, earthquake sequences and their geomorphic consequences alter mountain landscapes over both human and geologic time scales. Two recent events have attracted intense research into earthquake‐induced landslides and their consequences: the magnitude M 7.6 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake of 1999, and the M 7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake of 2008. Using data and insights from these and several other earthquakes, we analyze how such events initiate processes that change mountain landscapes, highlight research gaps, and suggest pathways toward a more complete understanding of the seismic effects on the Earth's surface.

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Section: The Lasting Legacy Of Eqtlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Topographic Legacy Of Eqtlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake‐Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts

Fan

Scaringi

Korup

et al. 2019

Reviews of Geophysics

Self Cite

660

325

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hence, we measure the average difference in elevation inside the basin perimeter after 10 kyr. Here we only assess the surface uplift U s (England and Molnar, 1990). To approximate the denudation rates E for each basin, we sum the surface uplift U s with the rock uplift rate U and divide the result by the time interval.…”

Section: Timescalementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the disequilibrium in denudation rates due to divide migration at the scale of river basins

Sassolas-Serrayet¹,

Cattin²,

Ferry³

et al. 2019

Earth Surf. Dynam.

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Abstract. Basin-averaged denudation rates may locally exhibit a wide dispersion, even in areas where the topographic steady state is supposedly achieved regionally. This dispersion is often attributed to the accuracy of the data or to some degree of natural variability of local erosion rates which can be related to stochastic processes such as landsliding. Another physical explanation of this dispersion is local and transient disequilibrium between tectonic forcing and erosion at the scale of catchments. Recent studies have shown that basin divide migration can potentially induce such perturbations, and they propose metrics to assess divide mobility based on cross-divide contrasts in headwater topographic features. Here, we use a set of landscape evolution models assuming spatially uniform uplift, rock strength and rainfall to assess the effect of divide mobility on basin-wide denudation rates. We propose using basin-averaged aggressivity metrics based on cross-divide contrasts (1) in channel χ, an integral function of position in the channel network; (2) in channel local gradient; and (3) in channel height, measured at a reference drainage area. From our simulations, we show that the metric based on differences in χ is the most reliable to diagnose local disequilibrium. The other metrics are more suitable for relatively active tectonic regions such as mountain belts, where contrasts in local gradient and elevation are more important. We find that the ratio of basin denudation associated with drainage migration to uplift can reach a factor of 2, regardless of the imposed uplift rate, erodibility, diffusivity coefficient or critical hillslope gradient. A comparison with field observations in the Great Smoky Mountains (southern Appalachians, USA) underlines the difficulty of using the metric based on χ, which depends on the – poorly constrained – elevation of the outlet of the investigated catchment. Regardless of the considered metrics, we show that observed dispersion is controlled by catchment size: a smaller basin may be more sensitive to divide migration and hence to disequilibrium. Our results thus highlight the relevance of divide stability analysis from digital elevation models as a fundamental preliminary step for basin-wide denudation rate studies based on cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations.

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“…Implementing captures in models has included probabilistic (Howard, 1971), numerical (Whipple et al, 2017), and coupled numerical-analytical approaches. Models have also been used to demonstrate quantitative techniques to identify regions undergoing drainage reorganisation (Willett et al, 2014;Forte and Whipple, 2018). Meanwhile, species richness has been simulated as an output of spatially explicit ecological models that have static topography and that do not include tectonic or geomorphic processes (Gotelli et al, 2009;Rangel et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topographic controls on divide migration, stream capture, and diversification in riverine life

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Drainages reorganise in landscapes under diverse conditions and process dynamics that impact biotic distributions and evolution. We first investigated the relative control that Earth surface process parameters have on divide migration and stream capture in scenarios of base-level fall and heterogeneous uplift. A model built with the Landlab toolkit was run 51 200 times in sensitivity analyses that used globally observed values. Large-scale drainage reorganisation occurred only in the model runs within a limited combination of parameters and conditions. Uplift rate, rock erodibility, and the magnitude of perturbation (base-level fall or fault displacement) had the greatest influence on drainage reorganisation. The relative magnitudes of perturbation and topographic relief limited landscape susceptibility to reorganisation. Stream captures occurred more often when the channel head distance to divide was low. Stream topology set by initial conditions strongly affected capture occurrence when the imposed uplift was spatially heterogeneous. We also integrated simulations of geomorphic and biologic processes to investigate relationships among topographic relief, drainage reorganisation, and riverine species diversification in the two scenarios described above. We used a new Landlab component called SpeciesEvolver that models species at landscape scale following macroevolutionary process rules. More frequent stream capture and less frequent stream network disappearance due to divide migration increased speciation and decreased extinction, respectively, especially in the heterogeneous uplift scenario in which final species diversity was often greater than the base-level fall scenario. Under both scenarios, the landscape conditions that led to drainage reorganisation also controlled diversification. Across the model trials, the climatic or tectonic perturbation was more likely in low-relief landscapes to drive more extensive drainage reorganisation that in turn increased the diversity of riverine species lineages, especially for the species that evolved more rapidly. This model result supports recent research on natural systems that implicates drainage reorganisation as a mechanism of riverine species diversification in lowland basins. Future research applications of SpeciesEvolver software can incorporate complex climatic and tectonic forcings as they relate to macroevolution and surface processes, as well as region- and taxon-specific organisms based in rivers and those on continents at large.

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Landslide-driven drainage divide migration

Cited by 45 publications

References 20 publications

Earthquake‐Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts

Earthquake‐Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts

Estimating the disequilibrium in denudation rates due to divide migration at the scale of river basins

Topographic controls on divide migration, stream capture, and diversification in riverine life

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