Landslides Triggered by the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake

Xu, Chong

doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-1989-2018

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The integration of Roback et al 17 landslides in our inventory in unmapped area, show smaller differences in total landslide volumes due to a limited number of unmapped landslides, suggesting that they are both almost complete. A further comparison with volumes reported in Roback et al 17 , ranging from 130 to 1270 Mm 3 , and Xu et al 40 , equal to 964 Mm 3 , confirms the strong controls of inventories and empirical relationships in the assessment of the landslide volume.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Role of landslides on the volume balance of the Nepal 2015 earthquake sequence

Valagussa

Frattini

Valbuzzi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The 7.8 Mw earthquake that struck Nepal on April 25th, 2015 triggered over 21,000 landslides over an area of more than 25,000 km2. These landslides contributed to mass wasting, partially compensating the tectonic uplift by the earthquake. In this paper we quantify the volume balance resulting from the 2015 earthquake uplift (or subsidence) and landslide erosion. Starting from a new complete earthquake-induced landslide inventory, we calculated landslide volume by adopting different strategies for low-mobility and high-mobility landslides, considering also the potential supply of sediments to the drainage network. The results show that the contribution of earthquake-induced landslides to erosion is about one order of magnitude smaller than the vertical coseismic displacement. We found landslide volume values, due to the 2015 Nepal earthquake, ranging between 251 (− 15/ + 16) Mm3 up to 1503 (− 183/ + 210) Mm3 based on the adopted method, and a volume due to coseismic vertical displacement of 2134 (± 1269) Mm3 for the whole area. The volume balance of the 2015 Nepal earthquake is strongly dominated by tectonic displacement. We show that these estimates depend on several uncertainties. We identified and quantified uncertainties related to: (1) the choice of empirical volume-area scaling relationships and their parameters; (2) the completeness and quality of landslide inventory through comparison with available inventories; (3) the approach adopted for the assessment of elongated landslide volume; (4) the InSAR displacement data.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Role of landslides on the volume balance of the Nepal 2015 earthquake sequence

Valagussa

Frattini

Valbuzzi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…TH: Tethyan Himalaya, HH: High Himalaya; LH: Lesser Himalaya; SH: sub-Himalaya; STDS: South Tibetan Detachment System; MCT: Main Central Thrust; MBT: Main Boundary Thrust; PT2: Physiographic Transition [digitalized from Whipple et al (2016)]. Dataset 1 (22,914 landslides that are >500 m 2 and have L and W both >20 m) and Dataset 2 (2,059 landslides, which are >10,000 m 2 ) are from Xu et al (2018).…”

Section: Definition Of Landslide Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combining with field investigations (Tian et al, 2020), Xu et al (2018) prepared an inventory containing ∼47,200 landslides in an area of 35,664 km 2 based on pre-and post-seismic remote sensing images from the Google Earth and the Chinese Gaofen and Ziyuan satellites. The DEM in our research has 10 mresolution pixels, and aids in identifying 22,914 landslides that are each >500 m 2 in area and have L and W >20 m; each landslide has at least one pixel in its narrowest profile.…”

Section: Landslides Triggered By the 2015 Gorkha Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field surveys and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) analysis suggest that the earthquake-triggered landslides were the leading cause of the casualties, injuries, and financial damages in the affected area (Collins and Jibson, 2015;Moss et al, 2015;Yun et al, 2015). In all, the 2015 Gorkha earthquakes triggered >47,200 landslides (Xu et al, 2018). The Langtang landslide, in the Rasuwa region of Nepal, was the most colossal slope failure that was triggered by the Gorkha earthquake; it swept across the village of Langtang, resulting in >200 deaths (Collins and Jibson, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we present an extensive study of the landslides to consider further the geomorphometric features of the landslides triggered by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake and to understand better the variety and nature of earthquake-triggered landslides in high mountain regions. Using the >47,200 landslides of Xu et al (2018), we study landslides with areas >500 m 2 and lengths and widths longer than 20 m (totally 22,914 landslides) to make an exhaustive analysis of their geometry, including the H, L, W, H/L ratio and aspect ratio. According to their aspect ratios, they are classified into three categories to statistically study their spatial distribution patterns with control factors, including terrain, geology, seismicity, streams, roads, and rainfalls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geomorphometry and Statistical Analyses of Landslides Triggered by the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake and the Mw 7.3 Aftershock, Nepal

Tian

Owen

et al. 2020

Front. Earth Sci.

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The 2015 M w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal and the M w 7.3 aftershock triggered at least 22,914 landslides that each had areas ≥500 m 2 and lengths and widths ≥20 m. Amongst these landslides, 2,059 had areas >10,000 m 2. Analyses of the landslide geometry, using length (L), width (W), height (H, from the crown to toe), reach angle (arctan value of H/L), and aspect ratio (L/W), show that most of the landslides have aspect ratios of 1.6-3.6 and reach angles of 35-45°. The fitting relationship between H and L is H 0.87L − 11.11. The steep topography is likely the main factor that controls the landslide runout and planar shape. The landslides are divided into 3 geomorphometric categories using the aspect ratio: LS1 (L/W ≤ 2); LS2 (2 < L/W ≤ 4); and LS3 (L/W > 4). Statistical analyses of these categories with the control factors show that the landslide distribution does not relate to the three largescale geologic faults that traverse the region, roads, accumulative precipitation before the earthquakes, and the small earthquakes that occurred during the 2012-2015 premonsoons in the study area. The 3 landslide categories are sensitive to similar conditions related to curvature, slope position, lithology, and peak ground acceleration. In contrast, the effects of elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, and streams on landslide distribution differ. Moreover, massive landslides (with areas >10,000 m 2) are more likely to occur on the steeper hill slopes that in the higher elevation settings, which provide more substantial gravitational potential energy and long-runout space. As landslides with different geomorphometric shapes have various susceptible conditions, examining the landslide distribution based on their geometric characteristics provides a new way to study the landslide extent and mechanism.

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Review of landslide inventories for Nepal between 2010 and 2021 reveals data gaps in global landslide hotspot

Harvey,

Kincey,

Rosser

et al. 2024

Nat Hazards

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A review of landslide inventories provides an essential assessment of the state of knowledge around landslide hazard and can guide the focus of future studies. This is especially true in Nepal, which is highly prone to landslides, but lacks a comprehensive overview of landslide occurrence nationally. Here, we compile a database of 117 landslide inventories for Nepal released between 2010 and 2021. We review how these existing inventories shape our understanding of landsliding in Nepal and discuss how future research efforts could mitigate current challenges. We find that 40% of the country was only manually mapped once across the study period, and, crucially, these areas did not always correspond with areas of low landslide susceptibility. Instead, existing landslide inventories typically focus on specific areas, such as the region affected by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and major highway corridors. We also extrapolated the individual inventory characteristics from within this unique database to infer a national-scale areal density of 0.05 landslides per km2, equating to 6000 landslides across the country. This extrapolated value provides a baseline for future national-scale studies, especially for inventories created through automated mapping approaches. Our review highlights the importance of expanding the footprint of landslide inventories in Nepal to include regions with low mapping coverage and the need for inventories to be openly available, with clear protocols to enable inter-comparison. Whilst our review has focused on Nepal, these findings are likely to be relevant in other landslide-prone countries and our recommendations are intended to be applicable elsewhere.

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Landslides Triggered by the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Role of landslides on the volume balance of the Nepal 2015 earthquake sequence

Role of landslides on the volume balance of the Nepal 2015 earthquake sequence

Geomorphometry and Statistical Analyses of Landslides Triggered by the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake and the Mw 7.3 Aftershock, Nepal

Review of landslide inventories for Nepal between 2010 and 2021 reveals data gaps in global landslide hotspot

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