Large-Area, Flexible, Lead-Free Sn-Perovskite Solar Modules

Abstract

For the first time, large-area, flexible organic−inorganic tin perovskite solar modules are fabricated by means of an industrycompatible and scalable blade-coating technique. An 8-cell interconnected mini module with dimensions of 25 cm 2 (active area = 8 × 1.5 cm 2 ) reached 5.7% power conversion efficiency under 1000 W/m 2 (AM 1.5G) and 9.4% under 2000 lx (white-LED).

Improving the Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Cs2TiBr6-based Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Theoretical Simulation Method

“…Consequently, researchers have shifted their focus to lead-free perovskites [6][7][8][9] . One prevailing research on Pb-free perovskites predominantly centers on Sn-based counterparts 10,11 . These Sn-based perovskites share a crystal structure (ABX 3 ) with lead perovskites, having bene ts such as an optimal band gap closely aligned with the Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) limit, high charge-carrier mobility, and an extended carrier lifetime [12][13][14] .…”

Facile Preparation of Large-Area, Ultrathin, Flexible Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells via Spin-Coating

“…Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) and in particular hybrid organic inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) appear as a truly game-changing family of materials for energy conversion due to the unique combination of optoelectronic properties and relatively facile fabrication processes, which have contributed to their widespread exploration as a potential alternative to conventional solar cell technologies. − Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are by far the most efficient solution-processable solar cells, with a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.1% for single-junction opaque solar cells . Despite impressive efficiencies and acceptable stability levels, there are still current limitations that impede their widespread commercialization.…”

Improving the Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Cs2TiBr6-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Theoretical Simulation Method

“…Lead (Pb)-based PSCs exhibit superior efficiency advantages compared to other perovskite counterparts. Nevertheless, the use of Pb, known for its high toxicity and adverse effects on human health and the environment, poses a big challenge for their widespread commercial applications. − Consequently, researchers have shifted their focus to lead-free perovskites. − One prevailing research on Pb-free perovskites predominantly centers on Sn-based counterparts. , These Sn-based perovskites share a crystal structure (ABX 3 ) with lead perovskites, having benefits such as an optimal band gap closely aligned with the Shockley–Queisser limit, high charge-carrier mobility, and an extended carrier lifetime. − Nevertheless, the effectiveness of Sn-based PSCs is hindered by a significant open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) loss, making them less efficient than their Pb-based counterparts . The substantial open-circuit voltage loss is ascribed to severe carrier recombination caused by defects resulting from the oxidation of Sn 2+ to Sn 4+ .…”