Large area microwave plasma CVD of diamond using composite right/left-handed materials

Zalieckas, J.; Pobedinskas, Paulius; Greve, Martin; Eikehaug, Kristoffer; Haenen, Ken; Holst, Bodil

doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108394

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The characteristic diamond peak (D band) is observed at 1332 cm –1 , and a broad line shape (G band) is visible at around 1580 cm –1 . The broad peaks clearly visible near 1190 cm –1 and at around 1480 cm –1 are assigned to transpolyacetylene segments at grain boundaries and represent a signature of NCD. − The amount of sp 3 -bonded carbon in NCD coatings is estimated to be 49, 36, and 44% for TRABECULAR, M-MESH, and TRIDENT, respectively, using the method detailed in ref …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HFCVD can achieve large-area CVD but suffers from filament instability and contamination of the growing diamond film. , Therefore, for the growth of high-purity diamond films, typically, resonant-cavity MWPECVD systems operating at 2.45 GHz frequency are used. The deposition area of these systems is limited up to approximately 30 cm 2 by the gas discharge shape and size, which is roughly half the wavelength at a given frequency. These restrictions and the planar-type nature of the above-listed techniques have limited the size and shape of the objects, which can be used for the synthesis of diamond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopedic Implants: Realization and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation

Zalieckas

Mondragon

Pobedinskas

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Polycrystalline diamond has the potential to improve the osseointegration of orthopedic implants compared to conventional materials such as titanium. However, despite the excellent biocompatibility and superior mechanical properties, the major challenge of using diamond for implants, such as those used for hip arthroplasty, is the limitation of microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques to synthesize diamond on complex-shaped objects. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate diamond growth on titanium acetabular shells using the surface wave plasma CVD method. Polycrystalline diamond coatings were synthesized at low temperatures (∼400 °C) on three types of acetabular shells with different surface structures and porosities. We achieved the growth of diamond on highly porous surfaces designed to mimic the structure of the trabecular bone and improve osseointegration. Biocompatibility was investigated on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coatings terminated either with hydrogen or oxygen. To understand the role of diamond surface topology and chemistry in the attachment and proliferation of mammalian cells, we investigated the adsorption of extracellular matrix proteins and monitored the metabolic activity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The interaction of bovine serum albumin and type I collagen with the diamond surfaces was investigated by confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We found that the proliferation of osteogenic cells was better on hydrogen-terminated UNCD than on the oxygen-terminated counterpart. These findings correlated with the behavior of collagen on diamond substrates observed by FLIM. Hydrogen-terminated UNCD provided better adhesion and proliferation of osteogenic cells, compared to titanium, while the growth of fibroblasts was poorest on hydrogen-terminated NCD and MSCs behaved similarly on all tested surfaces. These results open new opportunities for application of diamond coatings on orthopedic implants to further improve bone fixation and osseointegration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopedic Implants: Realization and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation

Zalieckas

Mondragon

Pobedinskas

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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show abstract

“…The broad peaks clearly visible near 1190 cm -1 and at around 1480 cm -1 are assigned to transpolyacetylene segments at grain boundaries and represents a signature of NCD [43][44][45]. The amount of sp3 bonded carbon in NCD coatings is estimated to be 49.4%, 35.7% and 44.1% for TRABECULAR, M-MESH and TRIDENT, respectively using the method detailed in Ref [17]. The uniformity of diamond coatings was investigated on titanium hemispheres, since thickness measurements of thin films on porous surfaces is challenging.…”

Section: Polycrystalline Diamond Coating On Acetabular Shells and Tit...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, for the growth of high purity diamond films, typically, resonant-cavity MWPECVD systems operating at 2.45 GHz frequency are used. The deposition area of these systems is limited of up to approximately 30 cm 2 [17] by the gas discharge shape and size, which is roughly half the wavelength at a given frequency. These restrictions and planar-type nature of the above listed techniques have limited the size and shape of the objects, which can be used for the synthesis of diamond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopaedic Implants: Realization, and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation

Zalieckas

Mondragon

Pobedinskas

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Polycrystalline diamond has the potential to improve the osseointegration of orthopaedic implants compared to conventional materials such as titanium. However, despite the excellent biocompatibility and superior mechanical properties, the major challenge of using diamond for implants, such as those used for hip arthroplasty, is the limitations of microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques to synthesize diamond on complex-shaped objects. Here, for the first time we demonstrate diamond growth on titanium acetabular shells using surface wave plasma CVD method. Polycrystalline diamond coatings were synthesized at low temperatures (~400 °C) on three types of acetabular shells with different surface structure and porosity. We achieved the growth of diamond on highly porous surfaces designed to mimic the structure of the trabecular bone and improve osseointegration. Biocompatibility was investigated on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coatings terminated either with hydrogen or oxygen. To understand the role of diamond surface topology and chemistry in the attachment and proliferation of mammalian cells, we investigated the adsorption of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and monitored the metabolic activity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The interaction of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Type I collagen with the diamond surfaces was investigated by confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We found that the proliferation of osteogenic cells was better on hydrogen terminated UNCD than on the oxygen terminated counterpart. These findings correlated with the behaviour of collagen on diamond substrates observed by FLIM. Hydrogen terminated UNCD provided better adhesion and proliferation of osteogenic cells, compared to titanium, while growth of fibroblasts was poorest on hydrogen terminated NCD and MSCs behaved similarly on all tested surfaces. These results open new opportunities for application of diamond coatings on orthopaedic implants.

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“…The Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method [9] allows one to obtain diamonds by depositing carbon on an initial diamond plate in a hydrogen-methane-based plasma. There are three main ways to create plasma in CVD reactors-hot filament [10], direct current [11], and microwave-referred to as HF-, DC-, and M-CVD [12,13]. Generally, M-CVD demands less electric power to grow single-crystal diamonds, and we have therefore used it in this study as a low-rate energy benchmark for all CVD sub-methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Energy and Water Consumption of Mined versus Synthetic Diamonds

et al. 2021

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In our research, we analyzed the energy and water consumption in diamond mining and laboratory synthesis operations. We used publicly available reports issued by two market leaders, DeBeers and ALROSA, to estimate water and energy use per carat of a rough diamond. The efficiency of the two most popular synthesis technologies for artificial diamonds—High-Pressure-High-Temperature (HPHT) and Microwave-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (M-CVD)—was examined. We found that the modern HPHT presses, with open cooling circuits, consume about 36 kWh/ct when producing gem-quality and average-sized (near-) colorless diamonds. ALROSA and DeBeers use about 96 kWh/ct and 150 kWh/ct, respectively, including all energy required to mine. Energy consumption of M-CVD processes can be different and depends on technological conditions. Our M-CVD machine is the least energy-efficient, requiring about 215 kWh/ct in the single-crystal regime, using 2.45-GHz magnetron for the support synthesis. The M-CVD methods of individual synthetic companies IIa Technology and Ekati Mine are different from our results and equal 77 and 143 kWh/ct, respectively. Water consumption for the HPHT and M-CVD methods was insignificant: approximately zero and 0.002 m3/ct, respectively, and below 0.077 m3/ct for ALROSA-mined diamonds. This study touches upon the impact of the diamond production methods used on the carbon footprint.

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Large area microwave plasma CVD of diamond using composite right/left-handed materials

Cited by 19 publications

References 59 publications

Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopedic Implants: Realization and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation

Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopedic Implants: Realization and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation

Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopaedic Implants: Realization, and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation

A Comparative Analysis of Energy and Water Consumption of Mined versus Synthetic Diamonds

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