Large bedrock slope failures in a British Columbia, Canada fjord: first documented submarine sackungen

Conway, Kim W.; Barrie, J. Vaughn

doi:10.1007/s00367-018-0533-y

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 35 publications

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“…Surficial pull-apart structures observed at known sackung sites vary, but they usually consist of features such as uphill-and/or downhill-facing scarps, ridge troughs (graben), and closed depressions (Pánek et al, 2015), all of which commonly occur at or near ridge tops. Although mostly recognized on subaerial slopes, sackungen have also been recognized in the submarine environment (Conway and Barrie, 2018). In the few instances where pull-apart rates at the head have been determined, the rates range from a few meters to less than a centimeter per year (Varnes et al, 2000;Hungr et al, 2014).…”

Section: Haleakala Northeast Flank Landslidementioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide hypothesis for the origin of Haleakala volcano's crater and great valleys, Hawaii

Bishop

2021

Geosphere

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Active Haleakala volcano on the island of Maui is the second largest volcano in the Hawaiian Island chain. Prominently incised in Haleakala's slopes are four large (great) valleys. Haleakala Crater, a prominent summit depression, formed by coalescence of two of the great valleys. The great valleys and summit crater have long been attributed solely to fluvial erosion, but two significant enigmas exist in the theory. First, the great valleys of upper Keanae/Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, and Kaupo Gap are located in areas of relatively low annual rainfall. Second, the axes of some valley segments are oblique for long distances across the volcanic slopes. This study tested the prevailing erosional theory by reconstructing the volcano's topography just prior to valley incision. The reconstruction produces a belt along the volcano's east rift zone with a morphology that is inconsistent with volcanic aggradation alone, but it is readily explained if it is assumed the surface was displaced along scarps formed by a giant landslide on Haleakala's northeastern flank. Although the landslide head location is well defined, topographic evidence is lacking for the toe and lateral margins. Consequently, the slope failure is interpreted as a sackung-style landslide with a zone of deep-seated distributed shear and broad surface warping downslope of the failure head. Maximum downslope displacement was likely in the range of 400–800 m. Capture of runoff at the headscarps formed atypically large streams that carved Haleakala's great valleys and explains their existence in low-rainfall areas and their slope-oblique orientations. Sackung-style landslides may be more prevalent on Hawaiian volcanoes than previously recognized.

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Section: Haleakala Northeast Flank Landslidementioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide hypothesis for the origin of Haleakala volcano's crater and great valleys, Hawaii

Bishop

2021

Geosphere

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A post-glacial relative sea level curve for the central Douglas Channel area, British Columbia, Canada

Letham

Lepofsky

Greening

2021

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Providing multidisciplinary scientific advice for coastal planning in Kitimat Arm, British Columbia

Lintern

Blais-Stevens

Stacey

et al. 2019

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A 6.3 m tsunami swept through Kitimat Arm, British Columbia in 1974. An even larger wave struck and damaged the Northlands Navigation dock at Kitimat and the Haisla First Nation docks at Kitamaat Village the following year. Further down the fjord, two large coastal block failures were observed on the fjord walls across from the Gitga'at village of Hartley Bay. Several large infrastructure projects have recently been proposed for the Kitimat Arm coastal areas. The Geological Survey of Canada has therefore embarked on a five-year project to understand the magnitude and frequency of submarine mass movements in this fjord system to provide information regarding the risks from these events and to propose mitigation measures that may reduce these risks. We provide here an overview and the main results to date of an ongoing multidisciplinary study, which includes palaeotsunami studies, geomorphological and sub-seabed mapping, subaerial landslide hazard assessment, tsunami modelling, in situ and laboratory geotechnical testing, and the real-time tracking of seismic activity and seafloor movement. Some of these activities are reported in greater detail elsewhere in this book. The results of this research are summarized as a list of conclusions and recommendations to the Government of Canada.

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Large bedrock slope failures in a British Columbia, Canada fjord: first documented submarine sackungen

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Landslide hypothesis for the origin of Haleakala volcano's crater and great valleys, Hawaii

Landslide hypothesis for the origin of Haleakala volcano's crater and great valleys, Hawaii

A post-glacial relative sea level curve for the central Douglas Channel area, British Columbia, Canada

Providing multidisciplinary scientific advice for coastal planning in Kitimat Arm, British Columbia

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