“…Two-photon fluorescence microscopy has become a prominent tool for high-resolution in vivo imaging of biological tissues (Periasamy et al, 1999;So et al, 2000). Several studies have demonstrated improved techniques for large field-of-view, three-dimensional (3D) imaging of in vivo spec-Correspondence to: Li-Yueh Hsu, DSc, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health Bldg 10, Rm B1D416, MSC 1061, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1061, U.S.A. Tel: (301) 435-5839; fax: (301) 402-2389; e-mail: lyhsu@mail.nih.gov imens at a great depth (Kobat et al, 2009;Schroeder et al, 2011;Crosignani et al, 2012;Zong et al, 2014;Glancy et al, 2014). However, achieving high spatial fidelity in the obtained biological structures is still a challenge due to the distortion of the point-spread function (PSF) of the microscope, the inhomogeneity of tissue and immersion media (Boutet de Monvel et al, 2001;de Monvel et al, 2003;Von Tiedemann et al, 2006), and most importantly, spatially varying distortion resulting from different specimen structures across the imaging field (Booth et al, 2002;Dong et al, 2003;Arigovindan et al, 2010;Maalouf et al, 2011;Temerinac-Ott et al, 2012).…”