Large power swings in doped-fiber amplifiers with highly variable data

Bononi, A.; Tancevski, L.; Rusch, Leslie A.

doi:10.1109/68.736419

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This effect accumulates along a cascade of fiber amplifiers in the same way as the fast power transients in the circuit-switching scenario. Although the effect of traffic statistics on the output power and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) swings has been thoroughly investigated [10], [11], no measures have been suggested to minimize the variation in these quantities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gain stabilization in gain clamped EDFA cascades fed by WDM burst-mode packet traffic

Karásek

Bononi

Rusch

et al. 2000

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-This paper studies via simulation the stabilizing effect of all-optical gain-clamping (AOGC) in a chain of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) fed by wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) burst-mode packet traffic. AOGC is necessary to suppress swings of output power and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). A case study is selected, in which only the first EDFA in a cascade of six amplifiers is clamped using a ring laser configuration. A numerical model which solves the transcendental equation for the average inversion at each EDFA is used for the analysis. The traffic is generated on the eight WDM channels by ON-OFF time-slotted sources, with statistically independent ON and OFF durations, randomly generated by a truncated Pareto distribution with infinite variance. The simulation model includes the generation of amplified spontaneous emission within each amplifier and the propagation of the lasing power generated in the AOGC EDFA through the cascade. It is shown that the sizable power and OSNR swings arising in an unclamped cascade of EDFA's can be effectively suppressed when a lasing signal a few decibels above the aggregate signal power develops in the AOGC EDFA and propagates along the cascade.Index Terms-Modeling, optical communication, optical fiber amplifiers, transient analysis, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gain stabilization in gain clamped EDFA cascades fed by WDM burst-mode packet traffic

Karásek

Bononi

Rusch

et al. 2000

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…To represent the temporal and spatial correlations of data center traffic, we build on the models proposed in the literature for bursty and non-uniform traffic [124][125][126][127]. To account for spatial correlation, a packet on input fiber RI i is destined with probability 1/2 to router output port RO j , j = [i] N + 1, and with probability 1/2(N − 1) to any remaining destination port.…”

Section: Traffic Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where U is a random variable uniformly distributed on (0,1) and represents the floor function [124].…”

Section: Traffic Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Switching in Next Generation Data Centers

Testa¹,

Pavesi²

2018

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This thesis presents advanced optical connectivity solutions for next-generation data centers, spanning millions of processing cores. The wavelength routing of optical packets based on arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), tunable wavelength converters (TWCs), and fiber delay lines (FDLs) is a disruptive technology for capacity, footprint, and flexibility requirements of massive cloud data centers. We develop a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) design based on Birkhoff-von Neumann architecture as a bitrate transparent, scalable solution to switching bottlenecks in data center networks. As no mature all-optical buffering technology is currently available, central to our design is the buffering strategy that we adopt to store contending packets. Due to the limited number of FDLs, packet drops are common in optical packet switching (OPS) data centers and limit the network throughput. In a practical scenario, physical layer impairments, predominantly amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and crosstalk, degrade Q-factor and lead to additional packet drops. To examine the performance of optical buffer units more accurately, we develop a unified analysis framework, integrating the network layer and the physical layer effects. Using this framework, we refine our architectures and provide guidelines for minimizing the physical layer impact. Besides, optical switch designs should not neglect the diversity of data center traffic patterns when developing connectivity solutions. Empirical studies of data center network traffic reveal that server traffic exhibits strong spatial and temporal correlations. We examine the effectiveness of an AWG-based load balancer with round-robin tuning TWCs in resolving congestion penalties in the data center network. Our cross-layer analysis suggests that the physical layer impairments due to the load balancer hardware could counteract its potential gains and lead to significant throughput degradation. To resolve this challenge, we develop a novel modular router architecture based on WDM shared recirculation buffers that integrates the functions of load balancing and routing and maximizes the optical buffering gains. The router employs a load-balancing scheduler to maximize throughput and minimize delay. Our mathematical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations show that the consolidation of optical buffer slots into WDM FDLs accompanied with internal load balancing leads to a virtually lossless router, resilient to data center traffic anomalies.ii

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“…The effect of WDM traffic statistics on the output power and OSNR swings in a cascade of five erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) of standard design has been theoretically investigated in [ 6,7]. The results of the simulations indicate that substantial power and OSNR swings occur at the output of a cascade when highly variable burst-mode traffic is transmitted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Measurement of power spread histograms in chains of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) fed by live local-area network traffic

2000

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A serious problem facing wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks with fiber amplifier cascades is transient cross saturation or gain dynamics of fiber amplifiers. Attention has been focused primarily on circuit-switched scenarios. When the number of WDM channels transmitted through a circuit-switching network varies, channel addition/removal will tend to perturb signals at the surviving channels that share all or part of the route. Even more serious bit error rate deterioration can arise in WDM packet switched burst mode networks. In this contribution we present experimental results demonstrating the effect of fast power transients in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) on packetized traffic transmitted through a chain of five EDFAs. Traffic of a LAN has been transmitted over one channel, the effect of EDFA cross gain saturation due to the bursteness of the traffic has been observed in a cw channel. The stabilizing effect of gain clamping the first EDFA in the cascade has been investigated.

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Large power swings in doped-fiber amplifiers with highly variable data

Abstract: Abstract-We show that doped-fiber amplifiers operated in saturation can display very fast transient dynamics and large power swings in a packet switching environment with highly variable packet interarrival times.

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Gain stabilization in gain clamped EDFA cascades fed by WDM burst-mode packet traffic

Gain stabilization in gain clamped EDFA cascades fed by WDM burst-mode packet traffic

Optical Switching in Next Generation Data Centers

Measurement of power spread histograms in chains of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) fed by live local-area network traffic

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