Large Scale Crowd Density Estimation Using a sub-GHz Wireless Sensor Network

Denis, Stijn; Berkvens, Rafael; Bellekens, Ben; Weyn, Maarten

doi:10.1109/pimrc.2018.8580840

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In this paper, we describe our system architecture during the 2018 edition of the Tomorrowland music festival. As in 2017, we again measured crowd-induced signal attenuation at the "Freedom Stage" and found similar results [12]. The central contribution in this paper is the analysis of measurements in an additional environment, the comfort zone at the "Main Stage," called "Main Comfort."…”

Section: Fig 1 System Architecture: 1)supporting

confidence: 73%

“…The general manner in which the transceiver network operates did not significantly change between the experimental measurements described in [12]. Communication occurs in a time slotted manner in which each transceiver in turn broadcasts a data packet toward all other transceivers.…”

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…If a crowd count estimation was a negative number, it was automatically set to 0. We repeated our experiment from 2017 at the Freedom Stage [12]. Additionally, we were allowed to install a system at the Main Comfort environment.…”

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensing Thousands of Visitors Using Radio Frequency

Denis¹,

Bellekens²,

Weyn³

et al. 2021

IEEE Systems Journal

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The majority of radio frequency crowd estimation systems are tested with at most a few tens of human individuals. At the same time, they are particularly useful for crowd safety management for events with hundreds or thousands of visitors. We deployed our passive crowd estimation system in two environments at a 400 000-visitor music festival. This paper describes our system's architecture and compares our results to those of an access control system. We found a correlation coefficient of 0.97 between our system and the access control system. Additionally, we show that we can estimate the crowd size correctly up to a few hundred individuals. A system such as ours can provide a direct objective measurement to security personnel who are currently making estimates under stress and influenced by experience, view angle, and occlusions.

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Section: Fig 1 System Architecture: 1)supporting

confidence: 73%

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensing Thousands of Visitors Using Radio Frequency

Denis¹,

Bellekens²,

Weyn³

et al. 2021

IEEE Systems Journal

Self Cite

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“…The propagation of radio frequency (RF) signals through materials is highly dependent on the frequency of operation [41]. When compared with the 2.45 GHz band, improved RF signal penetration through walls, building, and other obstacles at the lower frequency is a definite advantage of the Sub-GHz band [41][42][43]. For example, an RF signal propagating through an 8" concrete wall experiences Sensors 2020, 20, 1675 4 of 25 7 dB more attenuation at 2.45 GHz than 1 GHz, i.e., a system operating at 1 GHz will have a propagation range of more than twice as far in comparison to the 2.45 GHz band [42].…”

Section: Radio Frequency (Rf) Attenuation In Indoor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the co-existence issue at the 2.45 GHz band, multiple retransmissions may be required, which leads to an increased power consumption [25,26]. Due to less attenuation of RF propagating through walls and other obstacles, the radio transceiver operating at 868 MHz requires less power to achieve a similar communication range as at 2.45 GHz [5,41,43]. In [5], the current consumption for 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz bands are analytically calculated and show that, depending on the chosen sampling rate and applications, the Sub-GHz band sensor devices have the potential to operate at a significantly lower current level than the 2.45 GHz band.…”

Section: Power Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Wristwatch-Based Wireless Sensor Platform for IoT Health Monitoring Applications

Kumar

Buckley

Barton

et al. 2020

Sensors

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A wristwatch-based wireless sensor platform for IoT wearable health monitoring applications is presented. The paper describes the platform in detail, with a particular focus given to the design of a novel and compact wireless sub-system for 868 MHz wristwatch applications. An example application using the developed platform is discussed for arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate measurement using optical photoplethysmography (PPG). A comparison of the wireless performance in the 868 MHz and the 2.45 GHz bands is performed. Another contribution of this work is the development of a highly integrated 868 MHz antenna. The antenna structure is printed on the surface of a wristwatch enclosure using laser direct structuring (LDS) technology. At 868 MHz, a low specific absorption rate (SAR) of less than 0.1% of the maximum permissible limit in the simulation is demonstrated. The measured on-body prototype antenna exhibits a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 36 MHz, a peak realized gain of −4.86 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 14.53% at 868 MHz. To evaluate the performance of the developed 868 MHz sensor platform, the wireless communication range measurements are performed in an indoor environment and compared with a commercial Bluetooth wristwatch device.

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