Large-scale experiments into the tsunamigenic potential of different iceberg calving mechanisms

Heller, Valentin; Chen, Fan; Brühl, Markus; Gabl, Roman; Chen, Xuexue; Wolters, Guido; Fuchs, Helge

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36634-3

Cited by 21 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A historical example is the earthquake‐tsunami of December 2004 in Southeast Asia, killing more than 283,000 people on the coasts of the Indian Ocean (e.g., Lay et al, 2005). Although many tsunamis are triggered by submarine earthquakes, other mechanisms can also trigger these waves such as meteorite impacts (e.g., Wünnemann & Weiss, 2015), iceberg calvings (e.g., Heller et al, 2019), subaerial and submarine landslides (e.g., Harbitz et al, 2006; Løvholt et al, 2015), or volcanic eruptions (e.g., Paris, 2015). Despite this, tsunami risk assessments and warning systems are mainly structured to deal with earthquake‐tsunamis, which make populations particularly vulnerable to other source mechanisms (Grezio et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Fluidized Granular Flows into Water: Implications for Tsunamis Generated by Pyroclastic Flows

2020

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Novel laboratory experiments of fluidized granular flows entering water are reported, for the purpose of investigating tsunamis generated by pyroclastic flows. Qualitatively, the impact of a fluidized granular flow into water leads to (i) an initial vertical granular jet over water, (ii) a leading and largest wave, and (iii) a turbulent mixing zone forming a turbidity current. The present study focuses on the leading wave features in the near‐field region, as a function of the mass flux per width qm and the volume per width υ of the flow, the maximum water depth Ho, and the slope angle θ of the inclined plane. The obtained waves are of Stokes and cnoidal types, for which the generation is mostly controlled by qm and υ. By contrast, Ho plays no role on the wave generation that occurs in the shallowest region. Moreover, a comparison between fluidized granular, dry (nonfluidized) granular, and water flows entering water is addressed under similar flow conditions. The dimensionless amplitude scales as A/Ho=f(ζ), where ζ=FrSMsinθ is a dimensionless parameter depending on the Froude number Fr, the relative slide thickness S, the relative mass M, and the slope angle θ. Data of fine fluidized granular, fine dry granular, and water flows collapse on a master curve, which implies that the nature of the flowing material is of lesser importance in the current setup. By contrast, coarse granular flows generate lower amplitude waves, which is attributed to the penetration of water into the porous granular medium.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Fluidized Granular Flows into Water: Implications for Tsunamis Generated by Pyroclastic Flows

2020

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“…These dynamic changes seem to be related to a general warming of air temperature and water masses around Greenland (Straneo et al, 2013). Several studies have shown a high sensitivity of outlet glaciers to environmental forcings (Holland et al, 2008;Howat et al, 2010;Carr et al, 2017), while the fjord topography is an important control for the dynamic behaviour of the outlet glaciers (Warren, 1991;Catania et al, 2018). However, major limitations in understanding and predicting the dynamics of outlet glaciers remain, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calving event size measurements and statistics of Eqip Sermia, Greenland, from terrestrial radar interferometry

Walter¹,

Lüthi²,

Vieli³

2020

The Cryosphere

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Abstract. Calving is a crucial process for the recently observed dynamic mass loss changes of the Greenland ice sheet. Despite its importance for global sea level change, major limitations in understanding the process of calving remain. This study presents high-resolution calving event data and statistics recorded with a terrestrial radar interferometer at the front of Eqip Sermia, a marine-terminating outlet glacier in Greenland. The derived digital elevation models with a spatial resolution of several metres recorded at 1 min intervals were processed to provide source areas and volumes of 906 individual calving events during a 6 d period. The calving front can be divided into sectors ending in shallow and deep water with different calving statistics and styles. For the shallow sector, characterized by an inclined and very high front, calving events are more frequent and larger than for the vertical ice cliff of the deep sector. We suggest that the calving volume deficiency of 90 % relative to the estimated ice flux in our observations of the deep sector is removed by oceanic melt, subaquatic calving, and small aerial calving events. Assuming a similar ice thickness for both sectors implies that subaqueous mass loss must be substantial for this sector with a contribution of up to 65 % to the frontal mass loss. The size distribution of the shallow sector is represented by a log-normal model, while for the deep sector the log-normal and power-law model fit well, but none of them are significantly better. Variations in calving activity and style between the sectors seem to be controlled by the bed topography and the front geometry. Within the short observation period no simple relationship between environmental forcings and calving frequency or event volume could be detected.

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“…Wave gauges are a very reliable and accurate measurement system to detect and record the motion of water free surfaces. They are standard measurement instruments in tank testing [64] and can also be used under very complex conditions [38,50,59,60,65] as well as near submerged structures [21,22,66,67]. This measurement system correlates the resistance between two parallel rods with the submerged water depth.…”

Section: Copper Tape Resistive Wave Gaugesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Motion of the Free Surface of a Fluid Stored within a Floating Structure

Gabl

Steynor

Forehand

et al. 2018

Water

Self Cite

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Large floating structures, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships, are subject to both internal and external fluid forces. The internal fluid forces may also be detrimental to a vessel’s stability and cause excessive loading regimes when sloshing occurs. Whilst it is relatively easy to measure the motion of external free surface with conventional measurement techniques, the sloshing of the internal free surface is more difficult to capture. The location of the internal free surface is normally extrapolated from measuring the pressure acting on the internal walls of the vessel. In order to understand better the loading mechanisms of sloshing internal fluids, a method of capturing the transient inner free surface motion with negligible affect on the response of the fluid or structure is required. In this paper two methods will be demonstrated for this purpose. The first approach uses resistive wave gauges made of copper tape to quantify the water run-up height on the walls of the structure. The second approach extends the conventional use of optical motion tracking to report the position of randomly distributed free floating markers on the internal water surface. The methods simultaneously report the position of the internal free surface with good agreement under static conditions, with absolute variation in the measured water level of around 4 mm. This new combined approach provides a map of the free surface elevation under transient conditions. The experimental error is shown to be acceptable (low mm-range), proving that these experimental techniques are robust free surface tracking methods in a range of situations.

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Large-scale experiments into the tsunamigenic potential of different iceberg calving mechanisms

Cited by 21 publications

References 36 publications

Impact of Fluidized Granular Flows into Water: Implications for Tsunamis Generated by Pyroclastic Flows

Impact of Fluidized Granular Flows into Water: Implications for Tsunamis Generated by Pyroclastic Flows

Calving event size measurements and statistics of Eqip Sermia, Greenland, from terrestrial radar interferometry

Capturing the Motion of the Free Surface of a Fluid Stored within a Floating Structure

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